Abstract
With transistor dimension shrinking into nanoscale regime as described in the previous chapter, conventional gate oxide thickness has been scaled near the thickness limit of 1 nm. This scaling trend brings issues about power consumption, transistor density and off-leakage current, together with carrier mobility degradation. Furthermore, the continuous scaling-down of device dimensions and further performance enhancement are facing more and more severe challenges.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Chan V, Rengarajan R, Rovedo N, Jin W, Hook T, Nguyen P et al (2003) High speed 45 nm gate length CMOSFETs integrated into a 90 nm bulk technology incorporating strain engineering. In: IEEE international electron devices meeting, 2003. IEDM’03 Technical Digest, pp 3.8. 1–3.8. 4
Bai P, Auth C, Balakrishnan S, Bost M, Brain R, Chikarmane V et al (2004) A 65 nm logic technology featuring 35 nm gate lengths, enhanced channel strain, 8 Cu interconnect layers, low-k ILD and 0.57 μm 2 SRAM cell. In: IEEE international electron devices meeting, 2004. IEDM Technical Digest, pp 657–660
Chidambaram P, Smith B, Hall L, Bu H, Chakravarthi S, Kim Y et al (2004) 35 drive current improvement from recessed-SiGe drain extensions on 37 nm gate length PMOS. In: 2004 symposium on VLSI technology, 2004. Digest of technical papers, pp 48–49
Thompson SE, Armstrong M, Auth C, Cea S, Chau R, Glass G et al (2004) A logic nanotechnology featuring strained-silicon. IEEE Electron Dev Lett 25:191–193
Thompson S, Anand N, Armstrong M, Auth C, Arcot B, Alavi M et al. (2002) A 90 nm logic technology featuring 50 nm strained silicon channel transistors, 7 layers of Cu interconnects, low k ILD, and 1/spl mu/m/sup 2/SRAM cell. In: International electron devices meeting, 2002. IEDM’02, pp 61–64
Mistry K, Allen C, Auth C, Beattie B, Bergstrom D, Bost M et al (2007) A 45 nm logic technology with high-k+ metal gate transistors, strained silicon, 9 Cu interconnect layers, 193 nm dry patterning, and 100% Pb-free packaging. In: IEEE international electron devices meeting, 2007. IEDM 2007, pp 247–250
Mohta N, Thompson SE (2005) Mobility enhancement. IEEE Circuits Dev Mag 21:18–23
Pierret RF (1996) Semiconductor device fundamentals. Pearson Education India
Nayak DK, Chun SK (1994) Low-field hole mobility of strained Si on (100) Si1−xGex substrate. Appl Phys Lett 64:2514–2516
Welser J, Hoyt J, Gibbons J (1994) Electron mobility enhancement in strained-Si n-type metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors. IEEE Electron Dev Lett 15:100–102
Thompson S, Sun G, Wu K, Lim J, Nishida T (2004) Key differences for process-induced uniaxial vs. substrate-induced biaxial stressed Si and Ge channel MOSFETs. In: IEEE international electron devices meeting, 2004. IEDM Technical Digest, 2004, pp 221–224
Cheng Z-Y, Currie MT, Leitz CW, Taraschi G, Fitzgerald EA, Hoyt JL et al (2001) Electron mobility enhancement in strained-Si n-MOSFETs fabricated on SiGe-on-insulator (SGOI) substrates. IEEE Electron Dev Lett 22:321–323
Takagi S, Hoyt JL, Welser JJ, Gibbons JF (1996) Comparative study of phonon-limited mobility of two-dimensional electrons in strained and unstrained Si metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors. J Appl Phys 80:1567–1577
Kittel C (2005) Introduction to solid state physics. Wiley, New York
Fischetti MV, Laux SE (1996) Band structure, deformation potentials, and carrier mobility in strained Si, Ge, and SiGe alloys. J Appl Phys 80:2234–2252
Vogelsang T, Hofmann K (1993) Electron transport in strained Si layers on Si1−xGex substrates. Appl Phys Lett 63:186–188
Fischetti M, Ren Z, Solomon P, Yang M, Rim K (2003) Six-band k·p calculation of the hole mobility in silicon inversion layers: Dependence on surface orientation, strain, and silicon thickness. J Appl Phys 94:1079–1095
Ge C-H, Lin C-C, Ko C-H, Huang C-C, Huang Y-C, Chan B-W et al (2003) Process-strained Si (PSS) CMOS technology featuring 3D strain engineering. In: IEEE international electron devices meeting, 2003. IEDM’03 Technical Digest, 2003, pp 3.7. 1–3.7. 4
Welser J, Hoyt J, Takagi S-I, Gibbons J (1994) Strain dependence of the performance enhancement in strained-Si n-MOSFETs. In International electron devices meeting, 1994. IEDM’94. Technical Digest, 1994, pp 373–376
Rim K, Chu J, Chen H, Jenkins K, Kanarsky T, Lee K et al. (2002) Characteristics and device design of sub-100 nm strained Si N-and PMOSFETs. In: 2002 symposium on VLSI technology, 2002. Digest of Technical Papers, 2002, pp 98–99
Sugii N, Hisamoto D, Washio K, Yokoyama N, Kimura SI (2002) Performance enhancement of strained-Si MOSFETs fabricated on a chemical-mechanical-polished SiGe substrate. IEEE Trans Electron Dev 49:2237–2243
Antoniadis DA, Aberg I, Chleirigh CN, Nayfeh OM, Khakifirooz A, Hoyt JL (2006) Continuous MOSFET performance increase with device scaling: the role of strain and channel material innovations. IBM J Res Dev 50:363–376
Rim K, Chan K, Shi L, Boyd D, Ott J, Klymko N et al (2003) Fabrication and mobility characteristics of ultra-thin strained Si directly on insulator (SSDOI) MOSFETs. In: International electron devices meeting, 2003, pp 49–52
Olubuyide O, Chléirigh CN, Lauer I, Antoniadis D, Li J, Hull R et al (2004) Electron and hole mobility enhancements in sub-10 nm-thick strained silicon directly on insulator fabricated by a bond and etch-back technique. In: 2004 symposium on VLSI technology, 2004. Digest of Technical Papers, 2004, pp 52–53
Auth C, Cappellani A, Chun J-S, Dalis A, Davis A, Ghani T et al (2008) 45 nm high-k+ metal gate strain-enhanced transistors. In: 2008 symposium on VLSI technology, pp 128–129
Thompson SE, Armstrong M, Auth C, Alavi M, Buehler M, Chau R et al (2004) A 90-nm logic technology featuring strained-silicon. IEEE Trans Electron Dev 51:1790–1797
Ota K, Sugihara K, Sayama H, Uchida T, Oda H, Eimori T et al (2002) Novel locally strained channel technique for high performance 55 nm CMOS. In: International electron devices meeting, 2002. IEDM’02, pp 27–30
Boeuf F, Arnaud F, Basso M, Sotta D, Wacquant F, Rosa J et al (2004) A conventional 45 nm CMOS node low-cost platform for general purpose and low power applications. In: IEEE international electron devices meeting, 2004. IEDM Technical Digest, 2004, pp 425–428
Chen C-H, Lee T, Hou T, Chen C, Chen C, Hsu J et al (2004) Stress memorization technique (SMT) by selectively strained-nitride capping for sub-65 nm high-performance strained-Si device application. In: 2004 symposium on VLSI technology, 2004. Digest of Technical Papers, 2004, pp 56–57
Ortolland C, Morin P, Chaton C, Mastromatteo E, Populaire C, Orain S et al (2006) Stress memorization technique (SMT) optimization for 45 nm CMOS. In: 2006 symposium on VLSI technology, 2006. Digest of Technical Papers, 2006, pp 78–79
Eiho A, Sanuki T, Morifuji E, Iwamoto T, Sudo G, Fukasaku K et al (2007) Management of power and performance with stress memorization technique for 45 nm CMOS. In: 2007 IEEE symposium on VLSI technology, 2007, pp 218–219
Miyashita T, Owada T, Hatada A, Hayami Y, Ookoshi K, Mori T et al (2008) Physical and electrical analysis of the stress memorization technique (SMT) using poly-gates and its optimization for beyond 45-nm high-performance applications. In: IEEE international electron devices meeting, 2008. IEDM 2008, pp 1–4
Ito S, Namba H, Yamaguchi K, Hirata T, Ando K, Koyama S et al (2000) Mechanical stress effect of etch-stop nitride and its impact on deep submicron transistor design. In: International electron devices meeting, 2000. IEDM’00. Technical Digest, 2000, pp 247–250
Shimizu A, Hachimine K, Ohki N, Ohta H, Koguchi M, Nonaka Y et al (2001) Local mechanical-stress control (LMC): a new technique for CMOS-performance enhancement. In: International electron devices meeting, 2001. IEDM’01. Technical Digest, 2001, pp 19.4. 1–19.4. 4
Yang H, Malik R, Narasimha S, Li Y, Divakaruni R, Agnello P et al (2004) Dual stress liner for high performance sub-45 nm gate length SOI CMOS manufacturing. In: IEEE international electron devices meeting, 2004. IEDM Technical Digest, 2004, pp 1075–1077
Goto K, Satoh S, Ohta H, Fukuta S, Yamamoto T, Mori T et al (2004) Technology booster using strain-enhancing laminated SiN (SELS) for 65 nm node HP MPUs. In: IEEE international electron devices meeting, 2004. IEDM Technical Digest, 2004, pp 209–212
Pidin S, Mori T, Nakamura R, Saiki T, Tanabe R, Satoh S et al (2004) MOSFET current drive optimization using silicon nitride capping layer for 65-nm technology node. In: Symposium on VLSI technology, 2004. Digest of Technical Papers, 2004, pp 54–55
Noori AM, Balseanu M, Boelen P, Cockburn A, Demuynck S, Felch S et al (2008) Manufacturable processes for 32-nm-node CMOS enhancement by synchronous optimization of strain-engineered channel and external parasitic resistances. IEEE Trans Electron Dev 55:1259–1264
Tan K-M, Zhu M, Fang W-W, Yang M, Liow T-Y, Lee R T et al (2007) A new liner stressor with very high intrinsic stress (≫6 GPa) and low permittivity comprising diamond-like carbon (DLC) for strained P-channel transistors. In: IEEE international electron devices meeting, 2007. IEDM 2007, pp 127–130
Yang BF, Ren Z, Takalkar R, Black LR, Dube A, Weijtmans J et al (2008) Recent progress and challenges in enabling embedded Si: C technology. ECS Trans 16:317–323
Steegen A, Stucchi M, Lauwers A, Maex K (1999) Silicide induced pattern density and orientation dependent transconductance in MOS transistors. In: International electron devices meeting, 1999. IEDM’99. Technical Digest, 1999, pp 497–500
Steegen A, Maex K (2002) Silicide-induced stress in Si: origin and consequences for MOS technologies. Mater Sci Eng R Rep 38:1–53
Kang C, Choi R, Song S, Choi K, Ju B, Hussain M et al (2006) A novel electrode-induced strain engineering for high performance SOI FinFET utilizing Si (110) channel for both N and PMOSFETs. In: International electron devices meeting, 2006. IEDM’06, pp 1–4
Mayuzumi S, Wang J, Yamakawa S, Tateshita Y, Hirano T, Nakata M et al (2007) Extreme high-performance n-and p-MOSFETs boosted by dual-metal/high-k gate damascene process using top-cut dual stress liners on (100) substrates. In: IEEE international electron devices meeting, 2007. IEDM 2007, pp 293–296
Wang J, Tateshita Y, Yamakawa S, Nagano K, Hirano T, Kikuchi Y et al (2007) Novel channel-stress enhancement technology with eSiGe S/D and recessed channel on damascene gate process. In: 2007 IEEE symposium on VLSI technology, 2007, pp 46–47
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wang, G. (2019). Strained Silicon Technology. In: Investigation on SiGe Selective Epitaxy for Source and Drain Engineering in 22 nm CMOS Technology Node and Beyond. Springer Theses. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0046-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0046-6_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-0045-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-0046-6
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)