Skip to main content
Book cover

Ganoderma and Health pp 107–134Cite as

Polysaccharide of Ganoderma and Its Bioactivities

Part of the Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology book series (AEMB,volume 1181)

Abstract

Ganoderma, named lingzhi in China, has been used for centuries as drug and nutraceutical to treat diseases. Based on our research and other literatures, the chapter summarizes the progress of preparation, structural features and properties, bioactivities of Ganoderma polysaccharides. The aim is to provide a comprehensive source of information for researchers and consumers of Ganoderma, so they can better understand Ganoderma polysaccharides and their biological activities. In addition, more clinical studies should be carried out to meet the criteria for new drug development, and more convincing scientific data should be provided. In addition, on the basis of a large number of studies on Ganoderma polysaccharides, we suggest that more clinical studies should be carried out so that Ganoderma can be better recognized and applied all over the world.

Keywords

  • Ganoderma
  • Lingzhi
  • Polysaccharide
  • Structure
  • Bioactivity

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9867-4_4
  • Chapter length: 28 pages
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
eBook
USD   89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • ISBN: 978-981-13-9867-4
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Learn about institutional subscriptions
Fig. 4.1
Fig. 4.2

References

  1. Bishop KS, Chi HJ, Kao YX, Glucina MP, Paterson RRM, Ferguson LR (2015) From 2000 years of Ganoderma lucidum to recent developments in nutraceuticals. Phytochemistry 114:56–65

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Faruque AM (2018) Ganoderma lucidum: persuasive biologically active constituents and their health endorsement. Biomed Pharmacother 107:507–519

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Cao Y, Xu X, Liu S, Huang L, Gu J (2018) Ganoderma: a cancer immunotherapy review. Front Pharmacol 9:1217

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Cör D, Knez Ž, Knez HM (2018) Antitumour, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase effect of Ganoderma Lucidum terpenoids and polysaccharides: a review. Molecules 23(3):649

    CrossRef  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Zhang J, Jia W, Xing Z, Tang Q, Liu Y, Yang Y, Zhou C, Liu F (2004) Comparison of bioactivity of fruiting body and mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum and their purified fractions. Mycosystema 23(1):85–92

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Wang Y, Liu Y, Yu H, Zhou S, Zhang Z, Wu D, Yan M, Tang Q, Zhang J (2017) Structural characterization and immuno-enhancing activity of a highly branched water-soluble β-glucan from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum. Carbohydr Polym 167:337–344

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Dong Q, Wang Y, Shi L, Yao J, Li J, Ma F, Ding K (2012) A novel water-soluble β-d-glucan isolated from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum. Carbohydr Res 353:100–105

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Liu Y, Tang Q, Yang Y, Zhou S, Wu D, Tang C, Zhang Z, Yan M, Feng J, Zhang JS (2017) Characterization of polysaccharides from the fruiting bodies of two species of genus Ganoderma (Agaricomycetes) and determination of water-soluble beta-D-Glucan using high-performance liquid chromatography. Int J Med Mushrooms 19(1):75–85

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Zhou S, Tang Q, Tang C, Liu Y, Ma F, Zhang X, Zhang J (2018) Triterpenes and soluble polysaccharide changes in lingzhi or reishi medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes), during fruiting growth. Int J Med Mushrooms 20(9):859–871

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Zhou S, Ma F, Zhang X, Zhang J (2016) Carbohydrate changes during growth and fruiting in Pleurotus ostreatus. Fungal Biol 120(6–7):852–861

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Yan X (2017) Short-chain polysaccharide analysis in ethanol-water solutions. J AOAC Int 100(4):1134–1136

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Zhou S, Zhang J, Yang Y, Liu Y, Wu D, Zhang H, Tang Q (2012) Effect of particle size on the extraction of polysaccharide and triterpenes from finely ground Ganoderma lucidum fruit bodies. Acta Edulis Fungi 18(3):63–66

    Google Scholar 

  13. Zhu Y, Li Q, Mao G, Zou Y, Feng W, Zheng D, Wang W, Zhou L, Zhang T, Yang J, Yang L, Wu X (2014) Optimization of enzyme-assisted extraction and characterization of polysaccharides from Hericium erinaceus. Carbohydr Polym 101:606–613

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Yin C, Fan X, Fan Z, Shi D, Gao H (2018) Optimization of enzymes-microwave-ultrasound assisted extraction of Lentinus edodes polysaccharides and determination of its antioxidant activity. Int J Biol Macromol 111:446–454

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Huang S, Li J, Wang Z, Pan H, Chen J, Ning Z (2010) Optimization of alkaline extraction of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum and their effect on immune function in mice. Molecules 15(5):3694

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Chen TQ, Wu JG, Kan YJ, Yang C, Wu YB, Wu JZ (2018) Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of crude polysaccharide extracts from lingzhi or reishi medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes), by ultrasonic-circulating extraction. Int J Med Mushrooms 20(6):581–593

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Kang Q, Chen S, Li S, Wang B, Liu X, Hao L, Lu J (2019) Comparison on characterization and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum by ultrasound and conventional extraction. Int J Biol Macromol 124:1137–1144

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Smiderle FR, Morales D, Gil-Ramírez A, Jesus LID, Gilbert-López B, Iacomini M, Soler-Rivas C (2017) Evaluation of microwave-assisted and pressurized liquid extractions to obtain β- d -glucans from mushrooms. Carbohydr Polym 156:165–174

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Chaplin M, Kennedy J (1994) Carbohydrate analysis, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  20. Zeng X, Li P, Chen X, Kang Y, Xie Y, Li X, Xie T, Zhang Y (2019) Effects of deproteinization methods on primary structure and antioxidant activity of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 126:867–876

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Yuan H, Zhang J, Jia W, Yang Y, Ye L, Tang Q, Liu Y (2009) Study on decoloration of the low molecular weight Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides by resin. Sci Technol Food Ind 30(3):204–206

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Luo X, Tang Q, Zhang J, Zhou S, Wu D, Liu Y, Wang Q, Qiao Y, Zhao M (2011) Optimization of decolorization of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides by macroporous resin adsorption method. Food Sci 32(16):5–10

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Yan JK, Wang YY, Qiu WY, Shao N (2017) Three-phase partitioning for efficient extraction and separation of polysaccharides from Corbicula fluminea. Carbohydr Polym 163:10–19

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Liu Z, Yu D, Li L, Liu X, Zhang H, Sun W, Lin CC, Chen J, Chen Z, Wang W, Jia W (2019) Three-phase partitioning for the extraction and purification of polysaccharides from the immunomodulatory medicinal mushroom inonotus obliquus. Molecules 24(3):403

    CrossRef  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Habijanic J, Berovic M, Boh B, Plankl M, Wraber B (2015) Submerged cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum and the effects of its polysaccharides on the production of human cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-12, IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-17. New Biotechnol 32(1):85–95

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Lei Y, Wang X, Liu Z, Wu X (2001) Purification of polysaccharide peptide of Coriolus versicolor in affinity chromatography. Chin Tradit Pat Med 23(1):8–10

    Google Scholar 

  27. Zhang J, Wang G, Li H, Zhuang C, Mizuno T, Ito H, Mayuzumi H, Okamoto H, Li J (1994) Antitumor active protein-containing glycans from the Chinese Mushroom Songshan Lingzhi, Ganoderma tsugae Mycelium. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 58(7):1202–1205

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Lin Y, Ma B, Wei H, Liu T, Lei L (2004) Purification technique of Bozhi glycopeptides by affinity chromatography. Biotechnology 14(z1):31–32

    Google Scholar 

  29. Huie CW, Di X (2004) Chromatographic and electrophoretic methods for Lingzhi pharmacologically active components. J Chromatogr B 812(1–2):241–257

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Wasser S (2002) Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumor and immunomodulating polysaccharides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 60(3):258–274

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Sassaki GL, Souza LM, Serrato RV, Cipriani TR, Gorin PAJ, Iacomini M (2008) Application of acetate derivatives for gas chromatography–mass spectrometry: novel approaches on carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids analysis. J Chromatogr 1208(1):215–222

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Cui WS (2005) Food carbohydrates: chemistry, physical properties, and applications. CRC Press Inc, Boca Raton

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  33. Ruthes AC, Smiderle FR, Iacomini M (2015) d -Glucans from edible mushrooms: a review on the extraction, purification and chemical characterization approaches. Carbohydr Polym 117(117):753–761

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Synytsya A, Novák M (2013) Structural diversity of fungal glucans. Carbohydr Polym 92(1):792–809

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Bohn JA, BeMiller JN (1995) (1→3)-β-d-Glucans as biological response modifiers: a review of structure-functional activity relationships. Carbohydr Polym 28(1):3–14

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Liu Y, Zhang J, Tang Q, Yang Y, Guo Q, Wang Q, Wu D, Cui SW (2014) Physicochemical characterization of a high molecular weight bioactive β-d-glucan from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Carbohydr Polym 101(0):968–974

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Liu Y, Tang Q, Zhang J, Xia Y, Yang Y, Wu D, Cui SW (2018) Triple helix conformation of β-D-glucan from Ganoderma lucidum and effect of molecular weight on its immunological activity. Int J Biol Macromol 114:1064–1070

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Bao X, Duan J, Fang X, Fang J (2001) Chemical modifications of the (1→3)-α-d-glucan from spores of Ganoderma lucidum and investigation of their physicochemical properties and immunological activity. Carbohydr Res 336(2):127–140

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Bao X, Fang J (2001) Isolation and structural determination of a glucan from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum. Acta Bot Sin 43(3):312–315

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Bao X, Liu C, Fang J, Li X (2001) Structural and immunological studies of a major polysaccharide from spores of Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst. Carbohydr Res 332(1):67–74

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Guo L, Xie J, Ruan Y, Zhou L, Zhu H, Yun X, Jiang Y, Lü L, Chen K, Min Z, Wen Y, Gu J (2009) Characterization and immunostimulatory activity of a polysaccharide from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum. Int Immunopharmacol 9(10):1175–1182

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Li YQ, Fang L, Zhang KC (2007) Structure and bioactivities of a galactose rich extracellular polysaccharide from submergedly cultured Ganoderma lucidum. Carbohydr Polym 68(2):323–328

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Ye L, Zhang J, Ye X, Tang Q, Liu Y, Gong C, Du X, Pan Y (2008) Structural elucidation of the polysaccharide moiety of a glycopeptide (GLPCW-II) from Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies. Carbohydr Res 343(4):746–752

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Pan D, Wang L, Chen C, Teng B, Wang C, Xu Z, Hu B, Zhou P (2012) Structure characterization of a novel neutral polysaccharide isolated from Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies. Food Chem 135(3):1097–1103

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Bao XF, Wang XS, Dong Q, Fang JN, Li XY (2002) Structural features of immunologically active polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum. Phytochemistry 59(2):175–181

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Chang YW, Lu TJ (2004) Molecular characterization of polysaccharides in hot-water extracts of Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies. J Food Drug Anal 12(1):59–67

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Wang J, Yuan Y, Yue T (2014) Immunostimulatory activities of β-d-glucan from Ganoderma Lucidum. Carbohydr Polym 102:47–54

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Han XQ, Yue GL, Yue RQ, Dong CX, Chan CL, Ko CH, Cheung WS, Luo KW, Dai H, Wong CK (2014) Structure elucidation and immunomodulatory activity of a beta glucan from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma sinense. PLoS One 9(7):e100380

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Amaral AE, Carbonero ER, Simão RDCG, Kadowaki MK, Sassaki GL, Osaku CA, Gorin PAJ, Lacomini M (2008) An unusual water-soluble β-glucan from the basidiocarp of the fungus Ganoderma resinaceum. Carbohydr Polym 72(3):473–478

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Li N, Yan C, Hua D, Zhang D (2013) Isolation, purification, and structural characterization of a novel polysaccharide from Ganoderma capense. Int J Biol Macromol 57(6):285–290

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Ye L, Zheng X, Zhang J, Tang Q, Yang Y, Wang X, Li J, Liu Y, Pan Y (2011) Biochemical characterization of a proteoglycan complex from an edible mushroom Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies and its immunoregulatory activity. Food Res Int 44(1):367–372

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Liu W, Wang HY, Pang XB, Yao WB, Gao XD (2010) Characterization and antioxidant activity of two low-molecular-weight polysaccharides purified from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Int J Biol Macromol 46(4):451–457

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Huang SQ, Li JW, Li YQ, Wang Z (2011) Purification and structural characterization of a new water-soluble neutral polysaccharide GLP-F1-1 from Ganoderma lucidum. Int J Biol Macromol 48(1):165–169

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Zhang H, Nie S, Cui SW, Xu M, Ding H, Xie M (2017) Characterization of a bioactive polysaccharide from Ganoderma atrum : re-elucidation of the fine structure. Carbohydr Polym 158:58–67

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Ye L, Zhang J, Zhou K, Yang Y, Zhou S, Jia W, Hao R, Pan Y (2008) Purification, NMR study and immunostimulating property of a fucogalactan from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Planta Med 74(14):1730–1734

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Zhang H, Nie S-P, Yin J-Y, Wang Y-X, Xie M-Y (2014) Structural characterization of a heterogalactan purified from fruiting bodies of Ganoderma atrum. Food Hydrocoll 36:339–347

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Ye LB, Li JR, Zhang JS, Pan YJ (2010) NMR characterization for polysaccharide moiety of a glycopeptide. Fitoterapia 81(2):93–96

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Ye LB, Zhang JS, Yan Y, Shuai Z, Liu YF, Tang QJ, Du XJ, Hui C, Pan YJ (2009) Structural characterisation of a heteropolysaccharide by NMR spectra. Food Chem 112(4):962–966

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Zhang J, Tang Q, Zimmerman Kordmann M, Reutter W, Fan H (2002) Activation of B lymphocytes by GLIS, a bioactive proteoglycan from Ganoderma lucidum. Life Sci 71(6):623–638

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Zhang J, Tang Q, Zhou C, Jia W, Silva LD, Long DN, Reutter W, Fan HJLS (2010) GLIS, a bioactive proteoglycan fraction from Ganoderma lucidum, displays anti-tumour activity by increasing both humoral and cellular immune response. Life Sci 87(19):628–637

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Ji Z, Tang Q, Zhang J, Yang Y, Jia W, Pan Y (2007) Immunomodulation of RAW264.7 macrophages by GLIS, a proteopolysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum. J Ethnopharmacol 112(3):445–450

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Zhang K, Liu Y, Zhao X, Tang Q, Dernedde J, Zhang J, Fan H (2018) Anti-inflammatory properties of GLPss58, a sulfated polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum. Int J Biol Macromol 107:486–493

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Shao B-M, Dai H, Xu W, Lin Z-B, Gao X-M (2004) Immune receptors for polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum. Biochembiophysrescommun 323(1):133–141

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Chien CM, Cheng J-L, Chang W-T, Tien M-H, Tsao C-M, Chang Y-H, Chang H-Y, Hsieh J-F, Wong C-H, Chen S-T (2004) Polysaccharides of Ganoderma lucidum alter cell immunophenotypic expression and enhance CD56+ NK-cell cytotoxicity in cord blood. Bioorg Med Chem 12(21):5603–5609

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Wang H, Yu Q, Nie SP, Xiang QD, Zhao MM, Liu SY, Xie MY, Wang SQ (2017) Polysaccharide purified from Ganoderma atrum induced activation and maturation of murine myeloid-derived dendritic cells. J Food Chem Toxicol 108:478–485

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. CAo L-Z, Lin Z-B (2002) Regulation on maturation and function of dendritic cells by Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides. Immunol Lett 83(3):163–169

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Zhang J, Gao X, Pan Y, Xu N, Jia L (2016) Toxicology and immunology of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides in Kunming mice and Wistar rats. Int J Biol Macromol 85:302–310

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Pi CC, Chu CL, Lu CY, Zhuang YJ, Wang CL, Yu YH, Wang HY, Lin CC, Chen CJ (2014) Polysaccharides from Ganoderma formosanum function as a Th1 adjuvant and stimulate cytotoxic T cell response in vivo. Vaccine 32(3):401–408

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Jin M, Zhu Y, Shao D, Zhao K, Xu C, Li Q, Yang H, Huang Q, Shi J (2017) Effects of polysaccharide from mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum on intestinal barrier functions of rats. Int J Biol Macromol 94(Pt A):1–9

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Kubota A, Kobayashi M, Sarashina S, Takeno R, Okamoto K, Narumi K, Furugen A, Suzuki Y, Takahashi N, Iseki K (2018) Reishi mushroom Ganoderma lucidum modulates IgA production and alpha-defensin expression in the rat small intestine. J Ethnopharmacol 214:240–243

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Huang SQ, Ning ZX (2010) Extraction of polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum and its immune enhancement activity. Int J Biol Macromol 47(3):336–341

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Ferreira ICFR, Heleno SA, Reis FS, Stojkovic D, Queiroz MJRP, Vasconcelos MH, Sokovic M (2015) Chemical features of Ganoderma polysaccharides with antioxidant, antitumor and antimicrobial activities. Phytochemistry 114:38–55

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Zhao L, Dong Y, Chen G, Hu Q (2010) Extraction, purification, characterization and antitumor activity of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum. Carbohydr Polym 80(3):783–789

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Zhang S, Pang G, Chen C, Qin J, Yu H, Liu Y, Zhang X, Song Z, Zhao J, Wang FJCP (2019) Effective cancer immunotherapy by Ganoderma Lucidum polysaccharide-gold nanocomposites through dendritic cell activation and memory T cell response. Carbohydr Polym 205:192–202

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Gao Y, Tang W, Dai X, Gao H, Chen G, Ye J, Chan E, Koh HL, Li X, Zhou S (2005) Effects of water-soluble Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on the immune functions of patients with advanced lung cancer. J Med Food 8(2):159–168

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Joseph S, Sabulal B, George V, Antony KR, Janardhanan KK (2011) Antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities of polysaccharides isolated from Ganoderma lucidum. Acta Pharma 61(3):335–342

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Zhang S, Nie S, Huang D, Li W, Xie M (2013) Immunomodulatory effect of Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide on CT26 tumor-bearing mice. Food Chem 136(3–4):1213–1219

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Sun X, Zhao C, Pan W, Wang J, Wang W (2015) Carboxylate groups play a major role in antitumor activity of Ganoderma applanatum polysaccharide. Carbohydr Polym 123:283–287

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Zhang S, Nie S, Huang D, Huang J, Feng Y, Xie M (2014) Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide evokes antitumor activity via cAMP-PKA mediated apoptotic pathway and down-regulation of Ca2+/PKC signal pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 68:239–246

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Liu Y, Li Y, Zhang W, Sun M, Zhang Z (2019) Hypoglycemic effect of inulin combined with ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides in T2DM rats. J Funct Foods 55:381–390

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Yang Z, Chen C, Zhao J, Xu W, He Y, Yang H, Zhou P (2017) Hypoglycemic mechanism of a novel proteoglycan, extracted from Ganoderma lucidum, in hepatocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 820:77–85

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Ma H-T, Hsieh J-F, Chen S-T (2015) Anti-diabetic effects of Ganoderma lucidum. Phytochemistry 114:109–113

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Xiao C, Wu Q, Zhang J, Xie Y, Cai W, Tan J (2016) Antidiabetic activity of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides F31 down-regulated hepatic glucose regulatory enzymes in diabetic mice. J Ethnopharmacol 196:47–57

    CrossRef  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Gao Y, Lan J, Dai X, Ye J, Zhou S (2004) A phase I/II study of Ling Zhi mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (W.Curt.:Fr.) Lloyd (Aphyllophoromycetideae) extract in patients with coronary heart disease. Int J Med Mushrooms 6(4):327–334

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  85. Zhang HN, He JH, Yuan L, Lin ZB (2003) In vitro and in vivo protective effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on alloxan-induced pancreatic islets damage. Life Sci 73(18):2307–2319

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Liu YJ, Du JL, Cao LP, Jia R, Shen YJ, Zhao CY, Xu P, Yin GJ (2015) Anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatocyte damage in common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.). Int Immunopharmacol 25(1):112–114

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Jin H, Xu J, Tao T-T, Huang H-J, Jin, Feng J (2013) Protective effects of Ganoderma lucidum spore on cadmium hepatotoxicity; in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 52(2):171–175

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Fan S, Huang X, Wang S, Li C, Zhang Z, Xie M, Nie S (2018) Combinatorial usage of fungal polysaccharides from Cordyceps sinensis and Ganoderma atrum ameliorate drug-induced liver injury in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 119:66–72

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Zhang G-L, Wang Y-H, Ni W, Teng H-L, Lin Z-B (2002) Hepatoprotective role of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide against BCG-induced immune liver injury in mice. World J Gastroenterol 8(4)):728–733

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Wu X, Zeng J, Hu J, Liao Q, Zhou R, Zhang P, Chen Z (2013) Hepatoprotective effects of aqueous extract from Lingzhi or Reishi medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (higher basidiomycetes) on α-amanitin-induced liver injury in mice. Int J Med Mushrooms 15(4):383–391

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Zhu K, Nie S, Li C, Lin S, Xing M, Li W, Gong D, Xie M (2013) A newly identified polysaccharide from Ganoderma atrum attenuates hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Int J Biol Macromol 57:142–150

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Chen WQ, Luo SH, Li HZ, Yang H (2005) Effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on serum lipids and lipoperoxidation in experimental hyperlipidemic rats. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 30(17):1358–1360

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Qian Y, Siwang W, Yanhua X, Jiyuan S, Jianbo W (2010) HPLC analysis of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides and its effect on antioxidant enzymes activity and Bax, Bcl-2 expression. Int J Biol Macromol 46(2):167–172

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Jin M, Zhang H, Wang J, Shao D, Yang H, Huang Q, Shi J, Xu C, Zhao K (2019) Response of intestinal metabolome to polysaccharides from mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum. Int J Biol Macromol 122:723–731

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Zhao C, Fan J, Liu Y, Guo W, Cao H, Xiao J, Wang Y, Liu B (2019) Hepatoprotective activity of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids in alcohol-induced liver injury in mice, an iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis. Food Chem 271:148–156

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Gokce EC, Kahveci R, Atanur OM, Gãrer B, Aksoy N, Gokce A, Sargon MF, Cemil B, Erdogan B, Kahveci O (2015) Neuroprotective effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides against traumatic spinal cord injury in rats. Inj Int J Care Inj 46(11):2146–2155

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  97. Li W-J, Zhang X-Y, Wu R-T, Song Y-H, Xie M-Y (2018) Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide improves doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in mice by regulation of apoptotic pathway in mitochondria. Carbohydr Polym 202:581–590

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Chen J, Shi Y, He L, Hao H, Wang B, Zheng Y, Hu C (2016) Protective roles of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Int J Biol Macromol 92:278–281

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Zhang H, Cui SW, Nie SP, Chen Y, Wang YX, Xie MY, Fibre D (2016) Identification of pivotal components on the antioxidant activity of polysaccharide extract from Ganoderma atrum. J Bioact Carbohydr 7(2):9–18

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China

    Jingsong Zhang, Yanfang Liu, Qingjiu Tang, Shuai Zhou, Jie Feng & Hongyu Chen

Authors
  1. Jingsong Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yanfang Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Qingjiu Tang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Shuai Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jie Feng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Hongyu Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China

    Prof. Zhibin Lin

  2. Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China

    Prof. Baoxue Yang

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Zhang, J., Liu, Y., Tang, Q., Zhou, S., Feng, J., Chen, H. (2019). Polysaccharide of Ganoderma and Its Bioactivities. In: Lin, Z., Yang, B. (eds) Ganoderma and Health. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1181. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9867-4_4

Download citation