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Phytoplasmas: Plant Pathogenic Bacteria - III pp 105–136Cite as

Molecular and Serological Approaches in Detection of Phytoplasmas in Plants and Insects

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Abstract

The impact of phytoplasmas in agriculture has become serious, and early diagnosis is the best option to prevent the disease spread. Very often the symptoms-based diagnostics is not sufficient or able to discriminate among the diverse phytoplasmas. Until the early 1980s, the phytoplasma presence in diseased plants was detected by transmission electron microscopy observation, and DAPI staining that was developed to detect the pathogen under fluorescent microscopy. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was rarely used since the antisera were developed only for a few phytoplasma-associated diseases. Around 1990, advances in molecular biology enabled direct detection of phytoplasma DNA by hybridization and polymerase chain reaction technologies. PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA genes of phytoplasmas has become the key in phytoplasma disease detection, and now, several variants of PCR like nested and quantitative PCR, microarrays, and NGS are used for detection of phytoplasmas in both plants and insects. The approach using RFLP analyses and or sequencing of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA fragments provides a simple, reliable, and rapid mean for differentiation and identification of known phytoplasma strains. In this chapter up-to-date accounts of developments in serological and molecular approaches for the phytoplasma identification in plants and insect vectors are summarized.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Assunta Bertaccini

  2. Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Protection, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Nicola Fiore & Alan Zamorano

  3. Sugarcane Research Institute, Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ajay Kumar Tiwari

  4. Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India

    Govind Pratap Rao

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  1. Assunta Bertaccini
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  5. Govind Pratap Rao
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Assunta Bertaccini

  2. Department of Clinical Plant Science, Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan

    Kenro Oshima

  3. Department of Integrative Infection Biology Crops-Livestock, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany

    Michael Kube

  4. Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    Govind Pratap Rao

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Bertaccini, A., Fiore, N., Zamorano, A., Tiwari, A.K., Rao, G.P. (2019). Molecular and Serological Approaches in Detection of Phytoplasmas in Plants and Insects. In: Bertaccini, A., Oshima, K., Kube, M., Rao, G. (eds) Phytoplasmas: Plant Pathogenic Bacteria - III. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9632-8_7

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