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China’s Development Under a Differential Urbanization Model pp 103–129Cite as

Seven Approaches to Urbanization in China

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Abstract

From the middle and late 1990s to the twenty-first century, urbanization in China has undergone a period of rapid development. The concentration of investment and industry in urban areas, not to mention the development of public utilities has directly promoted rapid economic growth in China. It has also functioned to cause population mobility, in particular from the countryside to cities, and population circulation between the countryside and cities, so large in scale and so intensive in amount as never seen before in human history.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Quoted from Wu et al. (2003).

  2. 2.

    Fei (1984a), Li (2004).

  3. 3.

    The concept of urbanization in European and American countries usually refers to population shift to cities, while in China, city and town urbanization is more often used, since urbanization happened outside cities too, covering counties(lower than city level)and designated towns which are also important channels to absorb rural population.

  4. 4.

    Please refer to: Habermas (1999), (2003), Arato and Cohen (2002), Gramsci (1971).

  5. 5.

    The Longgang town was approved to set up in October 1983. Before its establishment, industries in its periphery developed to some extent. Ever since its set-up, several measures were taken by the town government to resolve the problem of insufficient fund for development, among which one policy was that, by paying a certain amount of utility fee, farmers would be granted the right to use a piece of land for their house-building, and a self-support Hukou (a temporary household registration to recognize their urban household status without offering the same planned provision/supply as assigned to city residents). Under this policy, many get-rich-first farmers flooded into Longgang town and started large-scale construction. By 1987, Longgang town had took an initial shape of a town. Media described it as the “overnight city”. In 1994, its population reached to 130,000, with a gross output value of industry and agriculture of 50 million RMB. Longgang town had developed from the first “farmer city” into an industrial city. In 2010, it realized a GNP of 13.31 billion RMB and a gross industrial output value of 30.07 billion RMB. After the merger of some counties and towns in 2011, Longgang had a population of 500,000 people. For further information, please refer to http://www.cnlg.gov.cn/, the e-government website of Longgang Town.

  6. 6.

    Tang (1997).

  7. 7.

    Gu and Zhu (1993).

  8. 8.

    Lu (2007).

  9. 9.

    Gu et al. (2004).

  10. 10.

    Lu (2007).

  11. 11.

    Liang (2003, pp. 72–81).

  12. 12.

    Lefebvre (2002, pp. 19–30), Bao (2003).

  13. 13.

    Zhang (1990), Gu et al. (2004, 2008).

  14. 14.

    Qi and Xia (1985).

  15. 15.

    Fei (1984a), Liu (1987, 1999).

  16. 16.

    Gu et al. (2004, 2008), Xue and Yang (1995).

  17. 17.

    Ning (1998), Chen et al. (2004).

  18. 18.

    Zhang (2001), Fang et al. (2009), Xiong (2009), Liu (2011).

  19. 19.

    Zhou and Meng (1998), Ding (2005), Geng (1999), Yang (2004).

  20. 20.

    Zhou et al. (2006).

  21. 21.

    Xiong et al. (2010).

  22. 22.

    National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China (2011).

  23. 23.

    The big property ownership refers to the right to a house property with two certicificates ( House Ownership Certificate and Certificate for State-owned Land Use Permit), meaning the property can be transcted in market. While the small property ownership refers to the right to a house property built on collective owned rural land and can only transact within the collective group.

  24. 24.

    Wu (1989).

  25. 25.

    Parker (1987, pp. 48–62).

  26. 26.

    Chen (2003).

  27. 27.

    Fei (1984b).

  28. 28.

    “The issues of agriculture, rural development and rural residents”.

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  1. Faculty of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

    Qiang Li

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Li, Q. (2020). Seven Approaches to Urbanization in China. In: China’s Development Under a Differential Urbanization Model. Research Series on the Chinese Dream and China’s Development Path. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9451-5_4

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