International Financial Aid, Catholic Social Doctrine and Sustainable Integral Human Development

Garvey, George

doi:10.1007/978-981-13-9423-2_4

International Financial Aid, Catholic Social Doctrine and Sustainable Integral Human Development

George Garvey⁵

Chapter
First Online: 15 September 2019

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Part of the book series: Kobe University Monograph Series in Social Science Research ((KUMSSSR))

Abstract

Following World War II, the secular international agenda emphasized processes of developing the economically challenged and post-colonial nations of the world. The project was led by the Bretton Woods institutions and the United Nations. Bretton Woods focused primarily on economic issues: The IMF would establish order and liquidity in the international financial markets, and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) would rebuild from the war’s devastation and ultimately aim for “the eradication of poverty.” In contrast, the United Nations focused on the international recognition of human rights. Similarly, the Catholic Church expanded its teachings of social doctrine to address the same issues. Pope St. John XXIII addressed human rights and the roles of international organizations. Pope St. Paul VI emphasized economic and social development, particularly in relation to less developed nations. Catholic teachings regarding development have always gone beyond mere economic advances and have sought “integral human development.” In the words of Pope St. Paul, “[w]hat must be aimed at is complete humanism. And what is that if not the fully rounded development of the whole man and of all men” (Populorum Progressio 42). This chapter summarizes the secular and “Catholic” approaches to international development with an emphasis on the parallel tracks of economic development and human rights. The chapter then analyzes the impact of policies related to the critical role of financial aid. The analysis considers, first, the extent to which financial aid has been effective in promoting the development of poor nations; and second, whether economic progress alone achieves a desirable level of “integral human development,” as defined by St. Paul VI.

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Notes

1.
Encyclical Letter of Pope Francis, Laudato Si’93 (2015).
2.
Encyclical Letter of Pope Paul VI, Populorum Progressio 23 (1967).
3.
See, e.g., Declaration on the Right to Development, G.A. Res. 41/128, Annex U.N. Doc. A/Res/41/128/Annex (Dec. 4, 1986).
4.
Moyo [1, p. 31].
5.
Id.
6.
Collier [2, p. 3].
7.
Sachs [3, p. 51].
8.
Collier, supra note 6, at 17–73.
9.
Sachs, supra note 7, at 18.
10.
Moyo, supra note 4, at 7.
11.
Id.
12.
For example, several of the most corrupt African leaders helped to block the creation of an OECD Multilateral Agreement on Investment by insisting that they be treated the same as governments that seriously worked toward improving the plight of their people. Collier, supra note 6, at 155.
13.
Moyo, supra note 4, at 22.
14.
See Reckless in Lusaka: Zambia’s Looming Debt Crisis Is a Warning for the Rest of Africa, Economist, Sept. 15, 2018, at 18, https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/09/15/zambias-looming-debt-crisis-is-a-warning-for-the-rest-of-africa.
15.
Moyo, supra note 4, at 14.
16.
United Nations, Country Classification, www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wesp_current/2014wesp_country_classification.pdf (last visited Sept. 6, 2018).
17.
World Bank, The World Bank in China: Overview, http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/china/overview (last visited Nov. 4, 2018).
18.
United Nations, Country Classification, supra note 16.
19.
Collier, supra note 6, at 17–64.
20.
Sachs, supra note 7, at 56.
21.
Collier, supra note 6, at 4, identified the “development biz,” which is made up “by the aid agencies and the companies that get the contracts for their projects.” Those in the development biz like the status quo and oppose changes to development policies based on historic evidence of failure.
22.
Moyo, supra note 4, at 186.
23.
Collier, supra note 7, at 100.
24.
Banerjee and Duflo [4, pp. 3–4].
25.
Sachs, supra note 7, at 56.
26.
Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, UN General Assembly Resolution, GA/RES/70/1 (Sept. 25, 2015).
27.
Each nation needing financial aid should develop a poverty reduction strategy or plan. Sachs, supra note 7, at 270.
28.
Easterly [5].
29.
Moyo, supra note 4.
30.
Easterly, supra note 28, at 38–41.
31.
Id. at 37.
32.
Id. at 27.
33.
Id. at 6.
34.
Moyo, supra note 4, at 149.
35.
See text accompanying note 22, supra.
36.
Collier, supra note 6, at 133.
37.
U.N. Charter pmbl.
38.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A. Res. 217A.
39.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI) (1966) (entry into force 23 Mar. 1976).
40.
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI) (1966) (entry into force 3 Jan. 1976).
41.
P. R. Gallagher, Speech to the Council of Europe in Strasbourg on the 70th Anniversary of International Declaration of Human Rights, www.zenit.org/articles/archbishop-gallagher-marks-70th-anniversary-of-international-declaration-of-human-rights/.
42.
Glendon [6, pp. 69–84].
43.
Encyclical Letter of Pope Leo XIII, Rerum Novarum (1891). The title in the text uses the custom of identifying encyclicals by the first few words of the Latin version of the document. The English title (The Condition of Labor), however, is far more descriptive of Pope Leo’s purpose in writing the document.
44.
Encyclical Letter of Pope Pius XI on the Fortieth Anniversary of Rerum Novarum, Quadragesimo Anno (1931).
45.
Encyclical Letter of Pope Leo XIII, Rerum Novarum, supra note 43.
46.
Encyclical Letter of Pope Pius XI on the Fortieth Anniversary of Rerum Novarum, Quadragesimo Anno, supra note 44.
47.
Id. at 108.
48.
Id. at 79.
49.
Encyclical Letter of Pope John XXIII, Mater et Magistra 157 (1961).
50.
Encyclical Letter of Pope John XXIII, Pacem in Terris [Peace on Earth] 11–27 (1963).
51.
Id. at 29.
52.
Encyclical Letter of Pope St. Paul VI, Populorum Progressio [On the Development of Peoples] (1967).
53.
Encyclical Letter of Pope St. John Paul II, Centesimus Annus 13 (1991).
54.
Id. at 13.
55.
Id. at 42.
56.
See id. at 35.
57.
Id. at 34 (emphasis added).
58.
Id. at 36.
59.
Encyclical Letter of Pope St. John Paul II, Sollicitudo Rei Socialis [On Social Concern] 38 (1987).
60.
Encyclical Letter of Pope Benedict XVI, Caritas in Veritate [Charity in truth] (2009).
61.
Shapiro and Tomain [7].
62.
Encyclical Letter of Pope Francis, Laudato Si’ [On Care of our Common Home] 5 (2015).
63.
Encyclical Letter of Pope Paul VI, Populorum Progressio [On the Development of Peoples] (1967).
64.
Id. at 15.
65.
Id. at 9 (quoting Gaudium et Spes 63).
66.
Apostolic Exhortation of Pope St. John Paul II, Ecclesia in America 55 (1999).
67.
Collier, supra note 6, at 100.

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The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C., USA
George Garvey

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Law and Administration, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
Piotr Szwedo
School of Law, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, USA
Richard Peltz-Steele
Graduate School of Law, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
Dai Tamada

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Garvey, G. (2019). International Financial Aid, Catholic Social Doctrine and Sustainable Integral Human Development. In: Szwedo, P., Peltz-Steele, R., Tamada, D. (eds) Law and Development. Kobe University Monograph Series in Social Science Research. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9423-2_4

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9423-2_4
Published: 15 September 2019
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-9422-5
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-9423-2
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