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Interacting Complexities of Herds and Social Organizations pp 67–82Cite as

The Spontaneous Rise of the Herd Instinct: Agent-Based Simulation

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Part of the book series: Evolutionary Economics and Social Complexity Science ((EESCS,volume 19))

Abstract

An agent-based model of an artificial population is used to simulate the rise of the herd instinct. The problem being investigated is the spontaneous rise of the herd instinct in an artificial population, where the population members have no explicit stimuli of such instinct implanted in their original behavior patterns. The simulations are focused on the creation of the herd instinct in the population that originally does not reveal the gregarious behavior.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Panamericana, Ciudad de México, México

    Stanislaw Raczynski

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  1. Stanislaw Raczynski
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Appendix

Appendix

Some numerical values of model parameters:

  • R – Simulated region: a square with side one. Inside R there are 1600 equal food spots a(k,j), k = 1...40, j = 1...40. The amount of food at each spot changes between zero and one, initially equal to one. Food is consumed by agents. Food renewal rate Fr is equal to 0.008 or 0.012 per TU.

Agent parameters:

  • Velocity (absolute) of movement v = 0.005 per TU (model time unit)

  • Loss of energy: 0.05 per TU while moving

  • Energy recovery event: The agent stops for 6 TU. If the agent energy level is less than 0.5, then:

    • If the food amount at the spot where the agent stops is not less than 0.6, then the agent consumes 0.6 units of food, and its energy increases by the same amount.

    • If the food amount at the spot is less than 0.6, the agent consumes the available amount of food.

The amount of food at the spot decreases by the same amount.

This event is repeated each 6 time units.

  • vr=(vrx, vry), vg = (vgx, vgy). vf = (vfx, vfy), ve = (vex, vey) – directions of movement for random walk, gregarious instinct, food-searching, and escaping, respectively. All these vectors except ve are normalized and have length equal to one.

  • vt = (vtx, vty) – actual movement direction.

$$ {\boldsymbol{v}}_{\boldsymbol{t}}=\mathbf{0.05}{\boldsymbol{v}}_{\boldsymbol{r}}+\mathbf{g}{\boldsymbol{v}}_{\boldsymbol{g}}+{\mathbf{v}}_{\boldsymbol{f}}+{\mathbf{v}}_{\boldsymbol{e}} $$

  • vg – gregarious direction calculated as the weighted average of the velocities of neighbor agents within the neighborhood of radius 0.25. The weight is equal to the reciprocal of the distance to the neighbor.

  • vf – food search direction. The agent selects a spot a(k,j) within its neighborhood of radius 0.1, with the maximal amount of food.

  • ve – the direction of the escape component is outward the spot, and its absolute value is inversely proportional to the distance d from the threat location, absolute value equal to 0.13/(d + 0.05).

  • Inheritance – During reproduction, the new agent is created. The gregarious factor of the new agent is the value of the random variable with mean equal to the gregarious factor of the parent and standard deviation 0.02.

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Raczynski, S. (2020). The Spontaneous Rise of the Herd Instinct: Agent-Based Simulation. In: Interacting Complexities of Herds and Social Organizations. Evolutionary Economics and Social Complexity Science, vol 19. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9337-2_5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9337-2_5

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-9336-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-9337-2

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