Abstract
From the data on total consumption of households, it is not possible to find the intra-household disparity in the consumption pattern among the members of the households. But if we are interested in the estimation of a certain aspects of consumption at the aggregate level, say mean calorie consumption of each of the different groups of members in the households, taking all households into consideration, then it is possible to estimate the same using Generalized Linear Regression Model (GLRM) after some modifications. In this chapter we first discuss the model and the method of estimation of the associated parameters of the model and then apply this technique to the 61st round National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) data on consumption to see whether mean consumption of calories varies among male and female members of the households. When these estimates are compared to the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR) norms, it is found that there is no indication of discrimination against the female members in the households.
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Standard normal distribution is a normal distribution with mean = 0 and variance = 1.
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The linear regression parameters are estimated from data of size greater than equal to the number of regression parameters. As a special case if we have data of size which equals to number of parameters, then it reduces to mathematical problem of solving unknown parameters from linear equations. In this case, we assume that there is no error associated with any of the equations.
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“Energy requirement is the amount of food energy needed to balance energy expenditure in order to maintain body size, body composition and a level of necessary and desirable physical activity consistent with long-term good health”. However, since there are interpersonal variations, the mean level of dietary energy intake of the healthy, well-nourished individuals who constitute that group has been recommended as the energy requirement for the population group.
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http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5686e/y5686e01.htm#TopOfPage. Henceforth, this report will be referred to as ‘FAO report’ or ‘report of FAO’.
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The procedure for measuring Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) is through experiments like doubly labeled water technique (DLW) and heart rate monitoring (HRM). When experimental data on total energy expenditure are not available, factorial calculations based on the time allocated to activities can be adopted. Factorial calculations combine the energy spent on different components or factors like sleeping, resting, working, etc., that are performed habitually.
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One of the reasons behind the discrepancy between poverty ratios calculated through calorie intake and through per capita income/total expenditure is the existence of the intercept term in the regression. If the income-based poverty index could be adjusted by this intercept term, the two indices would become closer.
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http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5686e/y5686e01.htm#TopOfPage. Henceforth, this report will be referred to as ‘FAO report’ or ‘report of FAO’.
- 8.
The procedure for measuring Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) is through experiments like doubly labeled water technique (DLW) and heart rate monitoring (HRM). When experimental data on total energy expenditure are not available, factorial calculations based on the time allocated to activities can be adopted. Factorial calculations combine the energy spent on different components or factors like sleeping, resting, working, etc., that are performed habitually.
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Glossary and Abbreviations
Glossary and Abbreviations
The following terms and abbreviations are relevant to this paper. These are consistent with the definitions used in other related WHO and FAO documents (FAO 2001, 2002; James and Schofield 1990; WHO 1985, 1995).
Basal metabolic rate (BMR): The minimal rate of energy expenditure compatible with life. It is measured in the supine position under standard conditions of rest, fasting, immobility, thermoneutrality, and mental relaxation. Depending on its use, the rate is usually expressed per minute, per hour or per 24 h.
Body mass index (BMI): The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height of older children, adolescents, and adults. It is calculated as weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters) squared. The acceptable range for adults is 18.5–24.9, and for children, it varies with age.
Doubly labeled water (DLW) technique: A method used to measure the average total energy expenditure of free-living individuals over several days (usually 10–14), based on the disappearance of a dose of water enriched with the stable isotopes 2H and 18O.
Energy requirement (ER): The amount of food energy needed to balance energy expenditure in order to maintain body size, body composition, and a level of necessary and desirable physical activity and to allow optimal growth and development of children, deposition of tissues during pregnancy, and secretion of milk during lactation, consistent with long-term good health. For healthy, well-nourished adults, it is equivalent to total energy expenditure. There are additional energy needs to support growth in children and in women during pregnancy and for milk production during lactation.
Heart rate monitoring (HRM): A method to measure the daily energy expenditure of free-living individuals, based on the relationship of heart rate and oxygen consumption and on minute-by-minute monitoring of heart rate.
Total energy expenditure (TEE): The energy spent, on average, in a 24-h period by an individual or a group of individuals. By definition, it reflects the average amount of energy spent in a typical day, but it is not the exact amount of energy spent each and every day.
Physical activity level (PAL): TEE for 24 h expressed as a multiple of BMR and calculated as TEE/BMR for 24 h. In adult men and non-pregnant, non-lactating women, BMR times PAL is equal to TEE or the daily energy requirement.
Physical activity ratio (PAR): The energy cost of an activity per unit of time (usually a minute or an hour) expressed as a multiple of BMR. It is calculated as energy spent in an activity/BMR, for the selected time unit.
Conversion Factors: 1 J (J) is the amount of mechanical energy required to displace a mass of 1 kg through a distance of 1 m with an acceleration of 1 m per second (1 J = 1 kg × 1 m2 × 1 s−2). Multiples of 1 000 (kilojoules, kJ) or 1 million (megajoules, MJ) are used in human nutrition. The conversion factors between joules and calories are: 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ, or conversely, 1 kJ = 0.239 kcal.
Energy equivalents: 1 g protein = 5.65 kcal; 1 g fat = 9.25 kcal.
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Pal, M., Bharati, P. (2019). Regression Decomposition Technique Toward Finding Intra-household Gender Bias of Calorie Consumption. In: Applications of Regression Techniques. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9314-3_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9314-3_2
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