Abstract
In this chapter, we are interested in how age profiles of migration vary by different immigrant groups arriving to or departing from Australia. Origin-destination patterns of international migration are examined, and a typology of age-specific migration is proposed, largely driven by the types of visas immigrants obtain to enter Australia. To form the typology, the study relies on observed immigration and emigration data from 1981 to 2016 for 19 different birthplace-specific groups, including the Australia-born population. The typology is utilised as a basis for examining how age profiles of international migration differ over time, by sex and across space. Our research shows how the types of visas used to enter the country may explain many of the differences in the observed age profiles of migration to and from Australia.
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Appendices
Appendices
10.1.1 Appendix 1 Visa Statistics by Country of Citizenship and Relative Shares of Each Visa Type, 2006–2011
Citizenship | Student visas | Temporary graduate visas | Working holiday visas | Temporary skilled visas | Permanent family visas | Permanent skilled visas | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Primary applicant | Secondary applicant | Aged under 15 | Aged 15–29 | Aged 30 and above | |||||
Australia | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
New Zealand | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Other Oceania | 8551 (29.94%) | 4716 (16.51%) | 117 (0.41%) | – – | 1132 (3.96%) | 763 (2.67%) | 1523 (5.33%) | 6368 (22.30%) | 5391 (18.88%) |
United Kingdom | 10,525 (4.24%) | 3612 (1.45%) | 602 (0.24%) | 36,301 (14.62%) | 11,771 (4.74%) | 14,316 (5.77%) | 30,373 (12.23%) | 33,111 (13.33%) | 107,711 (43.38%) |
NW Europe | 38,010 (21.05%) | 5718 (3.17%) | 707 (0.39%) | 63,906 (35.39%) | 4875 (2.70%) | 12,285 (6.80%) | 16,229 (8.99%) | 14,651 (8.11%) | 24,203 (13.40%) |
SE Europe | 24,922 (32.44%) | 7748 (10.09%) | 929 (1.21%) | 5928 (7.72%) | 1992 (2.59%) | 3408 (4.44%) | 6605 (8.60%) | 13,227 (17.22%) | 12,065 (15.70%) |
N. Africa and M. East | 37,921 (38.98%) | 21,532 (22.13%) | 684 (0.70%) | 536 (0.55%) | 1384 (1.42%) | 1494 (1.54%) | 2924 (3.01%) | 16,717 (17.18%) | 14,095 (14.49%) |
Vietnam | 32,078 (57.62%) | 2836 (5.09%) | 501 (0.90%) | – – | 691 (1.24%) | 507 (0.91%) | 721 (1.30%) | 14,724 (26.45%) | 3611 (6.49%) |
Philippines | 9688 (12.27%) | 3361 (4.26%) | 432 (0.55%) | – – | 5937 (7.52%) | 3489 (4.42%) | 12,893 (16.32%) | 15,669 (19.84%) | 27,512 (34.83%) |
Malaysia | 45,362 (55.78%) | 4730 (5.82%) | 1645 (2.02%) | 75 (0.09%) | 915 (1.13%) | 1561 (1.92%) | 2017 (2.48%) | 4443 (5.46%) | 20,581 (25.31%) |
Indonesia | 32,931 (56.70%) | 7046 (12.13%) | 1669 (2.87%) | 52 (0.09%) | 576 (0.99%) | 645 (1.11%) | 1445 (2.49%) | 6400 (11.02%) | 7312 (12.59%) |
SE Asia | 60,190 (58.35%) | 7980 (7.74%) | 1575 (1.53%) | 311 (0.30%) | 911 (0.88%) | 1033 (1.00%) | 2399 (2.33%) | 16,962 (16.44%) | 11,785 (11.43%) |
China | 234,946 (60.56%) | 8875 (2.29%) | 13,380 (3.45%) | – – | 2883 (0.74%) | 3241 (0.84%) | 6813 (1.76%) | 39,364 (10.15%) | 78,485 (20.23%) |
NE Asia | 105,662 (45.45%) | 14,326 (6.16%) | 4465 (1.92%) | 53,895 (23.18%) | 2347 (1.01%) | 1713 (0.74%) | 5530 (2.38%) | 15,150 (6.52%) | 29,413 (12.65%) |
India | 163,970 (42.91%) | 41,718 (10.92%) | 23,304 (6.10%) | – – | 7385 (1.93%) | 15,785 (4.13%) | 17,239 (4.51%) | 22,133 (5.79%) | 90,624 (23.71%) |
SC Asia | 83,440 (47.55%) | 23,391 (13.33%) | 8160 (4.65%) | – – | 1814 (1.03%) | 1448 (0.83%) | 3181 (1.81%) | 16,272 (9.27%) | 37,763 (21.52%) |
North America | 21,627 (25.90%) | 2702 (3.24%) | 383 (0.46%) | 11,943 (14.30%) | 4466 (5.35%) | 4684 (5.61%) | 13,971 (16.73%) | 14,191 (16.99%) | 9541 (11.43%) |
South America | 38,087 (52.81%) | 9771 (13.55%) | 1070 (1.48%) | 511 (0.71%) | 1574 (2.18%) | 2166 (3.00%) | 3450 (4.78%) | 6781 (9.40%) | 8711 (12.08%) |
Sub-Saharan Africa | 27,957 (21.33%) | 10,485 (8.00%) | 1693 (1.29%) | – – | 8663 (6.61%) | 4344 (3.31%) | 12,045 (9.19%) | 13,291 (10.14%) | 52,568 (40.11%) |
10.1.2 Appendix 2 Visa Statistics by Country of Citizenship and Relative Shares of Each Visa Type, 2011–2016
Citizenship | Student visas | Temporary graduate visas | Working holiday visas | Temporary Skilled Visas | Permanent family visas | Permanent skilled visas | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Primary applicant | Secondary applicant | Aged under 15 | Aged 15–29 | Aged 30 and above | |||||
Australia | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
New Zealand | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Other Oceania | 11,216 (38.14%) | 4562 (15.51%) | 610 (2.07%) | – – | 1406 (4.78%) | 907 (3.08%) | 1927 (6.55%) | 4936 (16.79%) | 3843 (13.07%) |
United Kingdom | 10,728 (4.01%) | 2134 (0.80%) | 1511 (0.57%) | 44,000 (16.47%) | 19,934 (7.46%) | 32,959 (12.33%) | 45,960 (17.20%) | 26,186 (9.80%) | 83,816 (31.36%) |
NW Europe | 36,242 (14.51%) | 5376 (2.15%) | 1766 (0.71%) | 78,083 (31.27%) | 11,339 (4.54%) | 32,164 (12.88%) | 30,588 (12.25%) | 15,357 (6.15%) | 38,823 (15.55%) |
SE Europe | 42,076 (29.36%) | 14,375 (10.33%) | 2972 (2.07%) | 16,101 (11.24%) | 5745 (4.01%) | 10,427 (7.28%) | 17,738 (12.38%) | 15,241 (10.64%) | 18,612 (12.99%) |
N. Africa and M. East | 37,593 (31.86%) | 27,578 (23.37%) | 2325 (1.97%) | 200 (0.17%) | 3048 (2.58%) | 2994 (2.54%) | 5773 (4.89%) | 15,965 (13.53%) | 22,533 (19.09%) |
Vietnam | 45,164 (52.07%) | 6426 (7.41%) | 4463 (5.14%) | – – | 1346 (1.55%) | 1853 (2.14%) | 1816 (2.09%) | 18,088 (20.85%) | 7589 (8.75%) |
Philippines | 19,590 (16.09%) | 7130 (5.86%) | 3708 (3.05%) | – – | 9150 (7.51%) | 7340 (6.03%) | 17,244 (14.16%) | 19,167 (15.74%) | 38,438 (31.57%) |
Malaysia | 43,873 (52.19%) | 4283 (5.09%) | 5394 (6.42%) | 126 (0.15%) | 1404 (1.67%) | 2810 (3.34%) | 3102 (3.69%) | 5076 (6.04%) | 18,002 (21.41%) |
Indonesia | 34,626 (55.25%) | 7754 (12.37%) | 4054 (6.47%) | 371 (0.59%) | 1138 (1.82%) | 1469 (2.34%) | 2136 (3.41%) | 5656 (9.02%) | 5471 (8.73%) |
SE Asia | 59,469 (52.97%) | 11,322 (10.08%) | 3213 (2.86%) | 457 (0.41%) | 1389 (1.24%) | 2853 (2.54%) | 4711 (4.20%) | 17,798 (15.85%) | 11,060 (9.85%) |
China | 283,093 (56.65%) | 11,197 (2.24%) | 37,657 (7.54%) | 1000 (0.20%) | 5392 (1.08%) | 13,041 (2.61%) | 12,025 (2.41%) | 52,909 (10.59%) | 83,414 (16.69%) |
NE Asia | 101,188 (38.02%) | 16,058 (6.03%) | 8053 (3.03%) | 75,785 (28.47%) | 5679 (2.13%) | 5896 (2.22%) | 13,751 (5.17%) | 16,111 (6.05%) | 23,640 (8.88%) |
India | 114,285 (22.88%) | 37,450 (7.50%) | 42,074 (8.42%) | – – | 25,973 (5.20%) | 50,814 (10.17%) | 45,814 (9.17%) | 31,134 (6.23%) | 151,886 (30.41%) |
SC Asia | 86,815 (32.82%) | 33,796 (12.78%) | 28,149 (10.64%) | 63 (0.02%) | 5302 (2.00%) | 9390 (3.55%) | 8428 (3.19%) | 21,732 (8.22%) | 70,817 (26.77%) |
North America | 19,562 (17.69%) | 2911 (2.63%) | 1327 (1.20%) | 15,241 (13.78%) | 9086 (8.22%) | 10,243 (9.26%) | 24,428 (22.09%) | 14,507 (13.12%) | 13,255 (11.99%) |
South America | 47,552 (46.95%) | 12,421 (12.26%) | 3616 (3.57%) | 1630 (1.61%) | 3153 (3.11%) | 4792 (4.73%) | 8558 (8.45%) | 7581 (7.49%) | 11,974 (11.82%) |
Sub-Saharan Africa | 29,859 (25.20%) | 11,505 (9.71%) | 5322 (4.49%) | – – | 6831 (5.76%) | 4727 (3.99%) | 10,716 (9.04%) | 13,484 (11.38%) | 36,051 (30.42%) |
10.1.3 Appendix 3 Visa Statistics by Sex for the Philippines and North America Citizenships and Relative Shares of Each Visa Type, 2011–2016
Citizenship | Student Visas | Temporary graduate visa | Working holiday visas | Temporary skilled visas | Permanent family visas | Permanent skilled visas | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Primary applicant | Secondary applicant | aged under 15 | aged 15–29 | aged 30 and above | |||||
Philippines | |||||||||
Male | 6702 (11.90%) | 4324 (7.68%) | 1530 (2.72%) | – – | 4774 (8.48%) | 3711 (6.59%) | 11,163 (19.82%) | 4816 (8.55%) | 19,292 (34.26%) |
Female | 12,888 (19.69%) | 2806 (4.29%) | 2178 (3.33%) | – – | 4371 (6.68%) | 3629 (5.54%) | 6081 (9.29%) | 14,351 (21.93%) | 19,146 (29.25%) |
North America | |||||||||
Male | 8440 (15.66%) | 1412 (2.62%) | 559 (1.04%) | 6324 (11.74%) | 4588 (8.51%) | 4924 (9.14%) | 15,108 (28.03%) | 5824 (10.84%) | 6695 (12.42%) |
Female | 11,117 (19.62%) | 1499 (2.65%) | 763 (1.35%) | 8916 (15.74%) | 4498 (7.94%) | 5319 (9.39%) | 9315 (16.44%) | 8665 (15.30%) | 6560 (11.58%) |
10.1.4 Appendix 4 Age-Proportion Ratios (State/Total) by Birthplace, 2011–2016
Note: “Total” denotes the national-level age proportion of each birthplace-specific migrant group
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Raymer, J., Liu, N., Bai, X. (2019). Age Articulation of Australia’s International Migration Flows. In: Franklin, R. (eds) Population, Place, and Spatial Interaction. New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, vol 40. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9231-3_10
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