Abstract
In the psychological field, the study of the interaction between the caregiver and the child is considered the context of primary development. Observing how infants interact with their mothers, in the first year of their life, has allowed researchers to identify behavioural indicators useful to highlight the crucial role of their synchronisation, within the behavioural and cognitive domain. The aim of this study is to employ a new observational method, mediated by an artificial neural network model, to systematically study the complex bodily gestural interaction between child and caregiver, which concurs in the development of the child’s bodily awareness, and how the quality of early interactions affects the child’s relationship with his body. The first part will deal with qualitative observational methods, their limits and the object of the study; the second part will describe the reference theory; the third part will describe the neural network model, the details of the proposed study and the expected results. We hypothesise that this model could be used for the construction of a tool that could compensate for some of the critical shortcomings that lie within observational methods in the field of psychology.
Keywords
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Kalckert, A., Ehrsson, H.H.: Moving a rubber hand that feels like your own: a dissociation of ownership and agency. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 6, 40 (2012). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00040
Mehling, W.E., Wrubel, J., Daubenmier, J.J., Price, C.J., Kerr, C.E., Silow, T., Gopisetty, V., Stewart, A.L.: Body awareness: a phenomenological inquiry into the common ground of mind-body therapies. Philos. Ethics Hum. Med. 6(1), 6 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-5341-6-6
Stern D.N.: Lo sviluppo precoce degli di Sé, dell’altro e si Sé-con-l’altro. In: Stern D.N. (eds.) Le interazioni madre-bambino. Cortina, Milano (1982, 1998)
Stern, D.N.: The Interpersonal World of the Infant. Basic Books, New York (1985); Trad. italiana a cura di A. Biocca e L. Marghieri Biocca, Il mondo interpersonale del bambino. Bollati Boringhieri, Torino (1987)
Stern, D.N.: Prerequisiti evolutivi per il senso di un Sé narrativo. In: Stern D.N. (eds.) Le interazioni madre-bambino nello sviluppo e nella clinica. Cortina, Milano (1998, 1989)
Gallese, V., Sinigaglia, C.: The bodily self as power for action. Neuropsychol. 48(3), 746–755 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.09.038
Maldonato, M.: The birth of consciousness. The origin of temporality and the sense of self. Hum. Evol. 28(1–2), 91–101 (2013)
Fontan, A., Cignetti, F., Nazarian, B., Anton, J.-L., Vaugoyeau, M., Assaiante, C.: How does the body representation system develop in the human brain? Dev. Cogn. Neurosci. 24, 118–128 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2017.02.010
Morita, T., Saito, D.N., Ban, M., Shimada, K., Okamoto, Y., Kosaka, H., Asada, M., Naito, E.: Self-face recognition shares brain regions active during proprioceptive illusion in the right inferior fronto-parietal superior longitudinal fasciculus III network. Neurosci. 348, 288–301 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.02.031
Maldonato, M., Dell’Orco, S., Springer, M.: Rethinking consciousness: some hypothesis on the role of the ascending reticular activating system in the global workspace. In: WIRN, pp. 212–219 (2011)
Zielinski, B.A., Gennatas, E.D., Zhou, J., Seeley, W.W.: Network-level structural covariance in the developing brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107(42), 18191–18196 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(09)70127-2
Stanghellini, G.: Embodiment and schizophrenia. World Psychiatry 8(1), 56–59 (2009)
Sperandeo, R., Monda, V., Messina, G., Carotenuto, M., Maldonato, N.M., Moretto, E., Leone, E., De Luca, V., Monda, M., Messina, A.: Brain functional integration: an epidemiologic study on stress-producing dissociative phenomena. Neuropsychiatric Dis. Treat. 14, 11 (2018). https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s146250
Cantone, D., Sperandeo, R., Maldonato, M.N., Cozzolino, P., Perris, F.: Dissociative phenomena in a sample of outpatients. Riv. Psichiatr. 47(3), 246–253 (2012)
Filippetti, M.L., Lloyd-Fox, S., Longo, M.R., Farroni, T., Johnson, M.H.: Neural mechanisms of body awareness in infants. Cereb. Cortex (N.Y., NY) 25(10), 3779–3787 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhu261
Tsakiris, M.: My body in the brain: a neurocognitive model of body-ownership. Neuropsychol. 48(3), 703–712 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.09.034
Frank, R.: Body of awareness: a somatic and developmental approach to psychotherapy. Taylor & Francis (2013). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203766989
Fabbri, L., Melacarne, C., Striano, M.: Emotional dimensions in transformative learning processes of novice teachers. A qualitative study. In: Paper to the ESREA Conference Emotionality in Learning and Research, Canterbury, March (2008)
Bailey, K.D.: Metodi della ricerca sociale. Vol. I. I principi fondamentali. Il Mulino, Bologna (2006)
Sempio Liverta, O., Cavalli, G.: Lo sguardo consapevole. L’osservazione psicologica in ambito educativo Unicopli (2005)
Hinde, R.A. (ed.): Non-verbal Communication. Cambridge University Press, London (1972). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.176.4035.625
Watzlawick, P., Beavin, J.H., Jackson, D.D.: Pragmatica della comunicazione umana. Studio dei modelli interattivi delle patologie e dei paradossi. Astrolabio, Roma (1967, 1971)
Amplatz, C.: Osservare la comunicazione educativa. Pensa, Lecce (1999)
Wright, H.F.: Observational child study. In: Handbook of research methods in child development, pp. 71–139 (1960)
Camaioni, L., Simion, F. (eds.): Metodi di ricerca in psicologia dello sviluppo. Il Mulino, Bologna (1990)
D’Isa, L., Foschini, F.: Scienze umane. Psicologia e metodologia della ricerca per gli studi economici-sociali. Hoepli, Milano (2011)
Schaffer, H.R.: Il bambino e i suoi partner. Interazione e socialità (1984). Trad. it. Franco Angeli, Milano (1990)
Schaffer, H.R.: Lo sviluppo sociale (1996). Trad. it. Cortina, Milano (1998)
Bertolini, P., Caronia, L.: Dizionario di pedagogia e scienze dell’educazione. Zanichelli (1996)
Ugazio, V.: Prefazione all’edizione italiana: oltre la teoria dell’attaccamento. In: Schaffer H.R. (ed.) L’interazione madre-bambino: oltre la teoria dell’attaccamento (1977). Trad. it. Franco Angeli, Milano, pp. 13–49 (1984)
Lavelli, M.: Intersoggettività, origini e primi sviluppi. Cortina, Milano (2007)
Camaioni, L., Bascetta, C., Aureli, T.: L’osservazione del bambino nel contesto educativo. Società Editrice il Mulino (1999)
Braga, P., Mauri, M., Tosi, P.: Perché e come osservare nel contesto educativo: presentazione di alcuni strumenti. Junior (1994)
Camaioni, L., Aureli, T., Perucchini, P.: Osservare e valutare il comportamento infantile. Il Mulino, Bologna (2004)
Bonichini, S., Giovanna Axia, G.: L’osservazione dello sviluppo umano. Carocci, Roma (2001)
Genovese, Bonichini, S., Giovanna Axia, G.: L’osservazione dello sviluppo umano, Carocci, Roma (1981, 2001)
Maldonato, M.: Phenomenology of discovery: the cognition of complexity. World Futures 67(4–5), 372–379 (2011)
Frank, R., La Barre, F.: The First Year and the Rest of Your Life. Movement, Development and Psychotherapeutic Change. Routledge, New York, NY (2011). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203857472
Haywood, K., Getchell, N.: Life Span Motor Development, 6th edn. Human Kinetics (2014)
Maggio, F., Il movimento in una prospettiva evolutiva: per una contestualizzazione dell’approccio di Ruella Frank. Quaderni di Gestalt. FrancoAngeli, Milano (2016)
Robine, J. M.: Self: A Polyphony of Contemporary Gestalt Therapists. St. Romaine de Virvée, L’Exprimerie, France (Original work published 2015 in French) (2016)
Frank, R.: Self in motion. In: Robine, J.-M. (ed.) Self. A Polyphony of Contemporary Gestalt Therapists. St. Romain-La-Virvée: L’Exprimerie (2015)
Maggio, F., Tosi, S.: L’esperienza del movimento: la risonanza cinestetica come sentimento relazionale. Intervista a Ruella Frank. Quaderni di Gestalt. FrancoAngeli, Milano (2016)
Dael, N., Mortillaro, M., Scherer, K.R.: Emotion expression in body action and posture. Emotion 12(5), 1085 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025737
Gea, J., Muñoz, M.A., Costa, I., Ciria, L.F., Miranda, J.G., Montoya, P.: Viewing pain and happy faces elicited similar changes in postural body sway. PLoS ONE 9(8), e104381 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104381
Westcott, S.L., Lowes, L.P., Richardson, P.K.: Evaluation of postural stability in children: current theories and assessment tools. Phys. Ther. 77(6), 629–645 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/77.6.629
Vallotton, C.D.: Do infants influence their quality of care? Infants’ communicative gestures predict caregivers’ responsiveness. Infant Behav. Dev. 32(4), 351–365 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.06.001
Rönnqvist, L., Domellöf, E.: Quantitative assessment of right and left reaching movements in infants: a longitudinal study from 6 to 36 months. Dev. Psychobiol. 48(6), 444–459 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20160
Neppl, T.K., Conger, R.D., Scaramella, L.V., Ontai, L.L.: Intergenerational continuity in parenting behavior: mediating pathways and child effects. Dev. Psychol. 45(5), 1241 (2009). https://doi.org/10.31274/etd-180810-3735
Pratt, M., Apter-Levi, Y., Vakart, A., Kanat-Maymon, Y., Zagoory-Sharon, O., Feldman, R.: Mother-child adrenocortical synchrony; moderation by dyadic relational behavior. Horm. Behav. 89, 167–175 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.01.003
Rosenblatt, J.S.: The basis of synchrony in the behavioral interaction between the mother and her offspring in the laboratory rat. Determin. Infant Behav. 3, 3–41 (1965)
Cook, S.W., Goldin-Meadow, S.: The role of gesture in learning: do children use their hands to change their minds? J. Cogn. Dev. 7(2), 211–232 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327647jcd0702_4
Cartmill, E.A., Beilock, S., Goldin-Meadow, S.: A word in the hand: action, gesture and mental representation in humans and non-human primates. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 367(1585), 129–143 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0162
Feldman, R., Magori-Cohen, R., Galili, G., Singer, M., Louzoun, Y.: Mother and infant coordinate heart rhythms through episodes of interaction synchrony. Infant Behav. Dev. 34(4), 569–577 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.06.008
Feldman, R.: Infant-mother and infant-father synchrony: the coregulation of positive arousal. Infant Ment. Health J. 24(1), 1–23 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.10041
Sainath, T.N., Vinyals, O., Senior, A., Sak, H.: Convolutional, long short-term memory, fully connected deep neural networks. In: 2015 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp. 4580–4584. IEEE (2015)
Perl, J.: A neural network approach to movement pattern analysis. Hum. Mov. Sci. 23(5), 605–620 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2004.10.010
Robertson, N., Reid, I.: A general method for human activity recognition in video. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 104(2–3), 232–248 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cviu.2006.07.006
Maldonato, M., Dell’Orco, S.: The natural logic of action. World Futures 69(3), 174–183 (2013)
Almeida, A., Azkune, G.: Inter-activity behaviour modelling using long short-term memory networks. In: International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing and Ambient Intelligence, pp. 394–399. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67585-5_41
Bressem, J., Ladewig, S.H.: Rethinking gesture phases: articulatory features of gestural movement? Semiotica 2011(184), 53–91 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1515/semi.2011.022
Tsironi, E., Barros, P., Wermter, S.: Gesture Recognition with a Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network, p. 2. Bruges, Belgium (2016)
LeCun, Y., Kavukcuoglu, K., Farabet, C.: Convolutional networks and applications in vision. In: Proceedings of 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), pp. 253–256. IEEE (2010)
Hochreiter, S., Schmidhuber, J.: Long short-term memory. Neural Comput. 9(8), 1735–1780 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.1997.9.8.1735
Mundy, P., Jarrold, W.: Infant joint attention, neural networks and social cognition. Neural Netw. Off. J. Int. Neural Netw. Soc. 23(8–9), 985–997 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2010.08.009
Taylor-Colls, S., Pasco Fearon, R.M.: The effects of parental behavior on infants’ neural processing of emotion expressions. Child Dev. 86(3), 877–888 (2015)
Yang, J., Lee, J., Choi, J.: Activity recognition based on RFID object usage for smart mobile devices. J. Comput. Sci. Technol. 26(2), 239–246 (2011)
Lara, O.D., Labrador, M.A.: A survey on human activity recognition using wearable sensors. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 15(3), 1192–1209 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/surv.2012.110112.00192
Leclère, C., Avril, M., Viaux-Savelon, S., Bodeau, N., Achard, C., Missonnier, S., Keren, M., Feldman, R., Chetouani, M., Cohen, D.: Interaction and behaviour imaging: a novel method to measure mother–infant interaction using video 3D reconstruction. Transl. Psychiatry 6(5), e816– (2016). http://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2016.82
Lotzin, A., Romer, G., Schiborr, J., Noga, B., Schulte-Markwort, M., Ramsauer, B.: Gaze synchrony between mothers with mood disorders and their infants: maternal emotion dysregulation matters. PLoS ONE 10(12), e0144417 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144417
Zimmerman, P.H., Bolhuis, J.E., Willemsen, A., Meyer, E.S., Noldus, L.P.: The observer XT: a tool for the integration and synchronization of multimodal signals. Behav. Res. Methods 41(3), 731–735 (2009). https://doi.org/10.3758/brm.41.3.731
Greff, K., Srivastava, R.K., Koutník, J., Steunebrink, B.R., Schmidhuber, J.: LSTM: a search space odyssey. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst. 28(10), 2222–2232 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2016.2582924
Tsironi, E., Barros, P., Weber, C., Wermter, S.: An analysis of convolutional long short-term memory recurrent neural networks for gesture recognition. Neurocomput. 268, 76–86 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2016.12.088
Maldonato, N.M., Sperandeo, R., Moretto, E., Dell’Orco, S.: A non-linear predictive model of borderline personality disorder based on multilayer perceptron. Front. Psychol. 9, 447 (2018)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Di Sarno, A.D. et al. (2020). To the Roots of the Sense of Self: Proposals for a Study on the Emergence of Body Awareness in Early Infancy Through a Deep Learning Method. In: Esposito, A., Faundez-Zanuy, M., Morabito, F., Pasero, E. (eds) Neural Approaches to Dynamics of Signal Exchanges. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, vol 151. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8950-4_37
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8950-4_37
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-8949-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-8950-4
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)