Skip to main content

Design of Waterfront-Retaining Walls Subjected to Waves and Earthquakes: A Review

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Geotechnics for Natural Disaster Mitigation and Management

Part of the book series: Developments in Geotechnical Engineering ((DGE))

Abstract

This article discussed the various possible forces that can act on the waterfront-retaining wall during the earthquake and the available methodologies to compute them. The wave forces acting on the waterfront-retaining structures can be branched into non-breaking waves, breaking waves and broken waves. Hydrodynamic pressure due to seismic shaking plays a vital role in the stability and must be considered from both seaward and landward sides if the backfill is permeable. Various guidelines available for the design of waterfront-retaining wall and their limitations are discussed. The recent modified pseudo-dynamic method overcomes limitations of the pseudo-static method and considers the effect of time, amplification and damping properties in the analysis. Consideration of excess pore pressure variation with time in the analysis is challenging and needs further research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Ahmad, S.M., Choudhury, D.: Stability of waterfront retaining wall subjected to pseudo-dynamic earthquake forces and tsunami. J. Earthq. Tsunami 2(2), 107–131 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Ahmad, S.M., Choudhury, D.: Seismic design factor for sliding of waterfront retaining wall. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., Geotech. Eng. 162(5), 269–276 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Ahmad, S.M., Choudhury, D.: Seismic rotational stability of waterfront retaining wall using pseudodynamic method. Int. J. Geomech. 10(1), 45–52 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Bellezza, I.: Seismic active earth pressure on walls using a new pseudo-dynamic approach. Geotech. Geol. Eng. 33(4), 795–812 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. CEM: Coastal Engineering Manual, EM-1110-2-1100. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  6. CRATER: Coastal Risk Analysis of Tsunamis and Environmental Remediation. Italian Ministry for the Environment and the Territory (IMET), Italy (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Choudhury, D., Ahmad, S.M.: Stability of waterfront retaining wall subjected to pseudodynamic earthquake forces. J. Waterw. Port, Coastal. Ocean Eng. 134(4):252–260 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Choudhury, D., Rajesh, B.G.: Recent developments in design of waterfront retaining structures to withstand earthquake and tsunami. In: Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference (IGC-2014) on Geotechnics for Inclusive Development of India (GEOIND), JNTU Kakinada, India, pp. 2434–2448 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Dames and Moore: Design and construction standards for re-sidential construction in tsunami prone areas in Hawaii. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Ebeling, R.M., Morrison Jr., E.E.: The seismic design of waterfront retaining structures. U.S. Army Technical Report No. ITL-92-11, Washington, DC (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Fukui, Y., Hidehiko, M.N., Sasaki, Y.: Study on tsunami. Annu. J. Coast. Eng. 9, 50–54 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Goda, Y.: New wave pressure formulae for composite breakwater.In: Proceedings of 14th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, Copenhagen, Denmark, ASCE, New York, pp. 1702–1720 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  13. OCDI: Technical Standards and Commentaries for Port and Harbor Facilities in Japan. Overseas Coastal Area Development Institute, Tokyo, Japan (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Pain, A., Choudhury, D., Bhattacharyya, S.K.: Seismic stability of retaining wall—soil sliding interaction using modified pseudo-dynamic method. Géotechnique Lett. 5(1), 56–61 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Rajesh, B.G., Choudhury, D.: Influence of non-breaking wave force on seismic stability of seawall for passive condition. Ocean Eng. 114, 47–57 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Rajesh, B.G., Choudhury, D.: Generalized seismic active thrust on retaining wall with submerged backfill using modified pseudo-dynamic method. Int. J. Geomechechanics 17(3), 06016023 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Rajesh, B.G., Choudhury, D.: Stability of seawalls using modified pseudo-dynamic method under earthquake conditions. Appl. Ocean Res. 65, 154–165 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Rajesh, B.G., Choudhury, D.: Seismic passive earth resistance in submerged soils using modified pseudo-dynamic method with curved rupture surface. Mar. Georesources & Geotechnol. 35(7), 930–938 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Rajesh, B.G., Choudhury, D.: Seismic stability of seawalls under earthquake and tsunami forces using a modified pseudodynamic method. Nat. Hazards Review. 19(3), 04018005 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Rajesh, B.G.: Seismic Stability of Seawalls Considering Wave Forces. Ph.D. thesis, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Sainflou, G.: Essai sur les digues maritimes verticals. Annales des Ponts et Chausse’es 98(1), 5–48 (1928)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Westergaard, H.M.: Water pressures on dams during earthquakes. Trans. ASCE 98, 418–433 (1933)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to D. Choudhury .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Choudhury, D., Rajesh, B.G. (2020). Design of Waterfront-Retaining Walls Subjected to Waves and Earthquakes: A Review. In: Krishna, A., Katsumi, T. (eds) Geotechnics for Natural Disaster Mitigation and Management. Developments in Geotechnical Engineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8828-6_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8828-6_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-8827-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-8828-6

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics