Abstract
Fundamental concepts governing crack initiation and growth in metals and alloys are presented. Cracks being high-energy defects require very high stresses for their initiation and growth. Griffith’s equation shows that the stress needed for initiation of an elastic crack is inversely proportional to the square root of its length. For elastic–plastic crack, based on the Orowan equation, the needed stresses are even higher. Hence, cracks normally nucleate at stress concentrations, either preexisting or in situ generated. In this paper, we analyze the fundamentals of crack initiation and growth contributing to fracture in materials using the modified Kitagawa–Takahashi diagram. The analysis, in principle, is applicable for all subcritical crack growth processes in materials.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
A.A. Griffith, The phenomena of fracture and flow in solids. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 221, 163 (1921)
E. Orowan, Zurkristallplastizitt. III: ber den mechanismus des gleitvorganges. Z. Phys. Hadron. Nucl. 89(9), 634 (1934)
G.R. Irwin, Crack-extension force for a part-through crack in a plate. J. Appl. Mech. 29, 651 (1962)
R.W. Lardner, Bilby-Cottrell-Swinden model for a growing crack with residuals stresses. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 1098 (1970)
R.A. Oriani, Hydrogen embrittlement of steel. Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 8, 327 (1978)
M.H. Kamdar, in Chapter 9, Treatise on Materials Science and Technology, ed. by C.L. Briant, S.K. Benerji, vol. 25 (Academic Press, New York, NY, 1983), p. 361
B.R. Lawn, Fracture of Brittle Solids, 2nd edn., Cambridge Solid State Science Series (Cambridge, UK, 1993)
I. Adlakha, K. Sadananda, K.N. Solanki, Discrete dislocation modeling of stress corrosion cracking in an iron. Corros. Rev. 33, 467 (2015)
H. Kitagawa, S. Takahashi, Applicability of fracture mechanics to a very small crack or the cracks in the early stage, in Second International Conference on Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Metals Park, Ohio (ASM, 1976), p. 627
K. Sadananda, Failure diagram and chemical driving forces for subcritical crack growth. Metall. Mater. Trans. 44A, 1190 (2012)
K. Sadananda, S. Sarkar, Modified Kitagawa diagram and transition from crack nucleation to crack propagation. Metall. Mater. Trans. 44A, 1175 (2013)
K. Sadananda, A.K. Vasudevan, Review of environmental cracking. Metall. Mater. Trans. 42A, 279 (2011)
K. Sadananda, A. Arcari, A.K. Vasudevan, Does a nucleated crack propagate. Eng. Frac. Mech. 176, 144 (2017)
R.M. Mcmeeking, A.G. Evens, Mechanics of transformation toughening in brittle materials. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 65, 242 (1982)
R.O. Ritchie, Mechanisms of fatigue-crack propagation in ductile and brittle solids. Int. J. Fract. 100, 55 (1999)
D.E. Witmer, G.C. Farrington, C. Laird, Changes in strain localization behavior induced by fatigue in inert environments. Acta Metall. 35, 1895 (1987)
Airforce Report, Improved High Cycle Fatigue Life Prediction, UDRI Industry team, UDR-TR-1999-0079 (2001)
Y. Hirose, T. Mura, Crack nucleation and propagation of corrosion fatigue in high strength steel. Eng. Fract. Mech. 22, 859 (1985)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Sadananda, K., Viswanathan, A., Nani Babu, M. (2020). Analysis of Subcritical Crack Growth Using Kitagawa–Takahashi Diagram. In: Prakash, R., Suresh Kumar, R., Nagesha, A., Sasikala, G., Bhaduri, A. (eds) Structural Integrity Assessment. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8767-8_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8767-8_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-8766-1
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-8767-8
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)