Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Rupture Process of the 2008 Wenchuan, China, Earthquake: A Review

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Earthquake and Disaster Risk: Decade Retrospective of the Wenchuan Earthquake

Abstract

The May 12, 2008, Wenchuan earthquake (MW 7.9, MS 8.1) is the largest continental intraplate event to strike globally in the last 60 years. It caused great destruction and loss of life along the steep eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, adjacent to the Sichuan Basin. The event ruptured multiple faults with a mix of thrust- and right-lateral strike-slip faulting along the northeast-trending Longmen Shan thrust belt, with an overall oblique compressional deformation. Surface displacements of up to ~11 m, the distribution of thousands of aftershocks and landslides, geodetic observations, and seismic wave imaging indicate a total rupture extent of ~280 km, extending unilaterally northeastward from the hypocenter. The primary slip has a patchy distribution along the segmented out-of-sequence Beichuan fault, with large-slip patches in the region from Yingxiu to Xiaoyudong, near Beichuan, and near Nanba. The southwestern segment near Yingxiu, where the hanging wall is comprised of the high seismic velocity Pengguan massif, has primarily thrust displacement with minor right-lateral component. Strongly oblique slip occurred near Beichuan and progressively more steeply dipping right-lateral strike-slip dominates toward the northeast. The large-slip patches are less than 10 km deep, but slip extends deeper in the southwestern region and the fault appears to have listric extension into a mid-crustal décollement with shallow dip below 20 km depth. The rupture expanded with an average rupture velocity of ~2.8 ± 0.2 km/s along this segmented fault zone with a total rupture duration of ~110 s, with faster rupture speed in the northeastern region, possibly being supershear. Most aftershocks are concentrated from 10 to 20 km deep, below the large-slip zones. Predominantly thrust slip with vertical offset of ~3.5 m occurred at shallow depth along ~72 km of the imbricate Pengguan fault located 6–7 km to the southeast of the southern Beichuan fault. Shallower dip of the Pengguan fault may cause it to converge with the Beichuan fault at depth, and/or to flatten into the same mid-crustal décollement. Oblique compressional left-lateral slip occurred on the short conjugate southward-dipping Xiaoyudong fault, connecting the two range-parallel faults. The moment-scaled radiated energy of the Wenchuan event is higher than for typical interplate thrust faulting, likely contributing to the extensive damage.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Change history

  • 27 June 2019

    In the original version of the book, the following belated corrections are to be incorporated.

References

  • An, M., M. Feng, and C. Long. 2010. Deep ruptures around the hypocenter of the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake deduced from aftershock observations. Tectonophysics 491: 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.12.024.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avants, M.S. 2014. Effects of near-source heterogeneity on wave fields emanating from crustal sources observed at regional and teleseismic distances. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Santa Cruz, 135 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjerrum, L.W., M.B. Sorensen, and K. Atakan. 2010. Strong ground-motion simulation of the 12 May 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, using various slip models. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 100 (5B): 2396–2424. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090239.

  • Burchfiel, B.C., L.H. Royden, R.D. van der Hilst, B.H. Hager, Z. Chen, R.W. King, C. Li, J. Lü, H. Yao, and E. Kirby. 2008. A geological and geophysical context for the Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China. GSA Today 18: 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1130/GSATG18A.1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cai, C., C.Q. Yu, K. Tao, X.P. Hu, Y. Tian, H. Zhang, et al. 2011. Spatial distribution and focal mechanism solutions of the Wenchuan earthquake series: Results and implications. Earthquake Science 24 (1): 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11589-011-0775-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, C.-P., G.-H. Chen, X.-W. Xu, R.-M. Yuan, Y.-T. Kuo, and W.-S. Chen. 2012. Influence of the pre-existing Xiaoyudong salient in surface rupture distribution of the MW 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, China. Tectonophysics 530–531: 240-250. https://doi.org/10.1016.j.tecto.2011.12038.

  • Chavez, M., E. Cabrera, R. Madariaga, H. Chen, N. Perea, D. Emerson, A. Salazar, M. Ashworth, Ch. Moulinec, X. Li, M. Wu, and G. Zhao. 2010. Low-frequency 3D wave propagation modeling of the 12 May 2008 MW 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 100: 2561–2573.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, G.H., X.W. Xu, G.H. Yu, Y.F. An, R.M. Yuan, T.T. Guo, X. Gao, H. Yang, and X.B. Tan. 2009a. Co-seismic slip and slip partitioning of multi-faults during the Ms 8.0 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Chinese Journal of Geophysics 52 (5): 1384–1394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, J.-H., Q.-Y. Liu, S.-C. Li, B. Guo, Y. Li, J. Want, and S.-H. Qi. 2009b. Seismotectonic study by relocation of the Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake sequence (in Chinese with English abstract). Chinese Journal of Geophysics 52 (2): 390–397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Convers, J.A., and A.V. Newman. 2011. Global evaluation of large earthquake energy from 1997 through mid-2010. Journal Geophysical Research 116: B08304. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JB007928.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dai, F.C., C. Xu, X. Yao, L. Xu, X.B. Tu, and Q.M. Gong. 2011. Spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 40: 883–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.04.010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Michele, M., D. Raucoules, C. Lasserre, E. Pathier, Y. Klinger, J. Van Der Woerd, J. de Sigoyer, and X. Xu. 2010a. The MW 7.9 12 May 2008 Sichuan earthquake rupture measured by sub-pixel correlation of ALOS pALSAR amplitude images. Earth Planets Space 62: 875–879. https://doi.org/10.5047/eps.2009.05.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Michele, M., D. Raucoules, J. de Sigoyer, M. Pubellier, and N. Chamot-Rooke. 2010b. Three-dimensional surface displacement of the 2008 May 12 Sichuan earthquake (China) derived from Synthetic Aperture Radar: evidence for rupture on a blind thrust. Geophysical Journal International 183: 1097–1103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04807.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deng, K., S. Zhou, R. Wang, R. Robinson, C. Zhao, and W. Cheng. 2010. Evidence that the 2008 MW 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake could not have been induced by the Zipingpu reservoir. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 100: 2805–2814. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Densmore, A.L., M.A. Ellis, Y. Li, R. Zhou, G.S. Hancock, and N. Richardson. 2007. Active tectonics of the Beichuan and Pengguan faults at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Tectonics TC4005. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006tc001987.

  • Densmore, A.L., Y. Li, N.J. Richardson, R. Zhou, M. Ellis, and Y. Zhang. 2010. The role of late quaternary upper-crustal faults in the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 100: 2700–2712. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diao, F., X. Xiong, R. Wang, Y. Zheng, and H. Hsu. 2010. Slip model of the 2008 MW 7.9 Wenchuan (China) earthquake derived from co-seismic GPS data. Earth Planets Space 62: 869–874. https://doi.org/10.5047/eps.2009.05.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dong, S., Y. Zhang, Z. Wu, N. Yang, Y. Ma, W. Shi, Z. Chen, C. Long, and M. An. 2008. Surface rupture and co-seismic displacement produced by the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of May 12th, 2008, Sichuan, China: Eastwards growth of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Acta Geological Sinica 82: 938–948.

    Google Scholar 

  • Du, H.-L., L.-S. Xu, and Y.-T. Chen. 2009. Rupture process of the 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake from the analysis of the Alaska-array data. Chinese Journal of Geophysics 52 (2): 372–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duputel, Z., L. Rivera, H. Kanamori, and G. Hayes. 2012. W phase source inversion for moderate to large earthquakes (1990-2010). Geophysical Journal International 189: 1125–1147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05419.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feng, G., E.A. Hetland, X.L. Ding, Z.W. Li, and L. Zhang. 2010. Coseismic fault slip of the 2008 MW 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake estimated from InSAR and GPS measurements. Geophysical Research Letters 37: L01302. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl041213.

  • Feng, G., S. Jónsson, and Y. Klinger. 2017. Which fault segments ruptured in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and which did not? New evidence from near-fault 3D surface displacements derived from SAR Image offsets. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 107: 1185–1200. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120160126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fielding, E.J., A. Sladen, Z. Li, J.-P. Avouac, R. Bürgmann, and I. Ryder. 2013. Kinematic sfault slip evolution source models of the 2008 M7.9 Wenchuan earthquake in China from SAR interferometry, GPS and teleseismic analysis and implications for Longmen Shan tectonics. Geophysical Journal International 194: 1138–1166. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fu, B., P. Shi, H. Guo, S. Okuyama, Y. Ninomiya, and S. Wright. 2011. Surface deformation related to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, and mountain building of the Longmen Shan, eastern Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 40: 805–824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.11.011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furuya, M.T., Y.Takada Kobayashi, and M. Murakami. 2010. Fault source modeling of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake based on ALOS/PALSAR data. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 100: 2750–2766. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gahalaut, K., and V.K. Gahalaut. 2010. Effect of the Zipingpu reservoir impoundment on the occurrence of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and local seismicity. Geophysical Journal International 183: 277–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04715.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ge, S., M. Liu, N. Lu, J.W. Godt, and G. Luo. 2009. Did the Zipingpu Reservoir trigger the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake? Geophysical Reseach Letters 36: L20315. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghasemi, H., Y. Fukushima, K. Koketsu, H. Miyake, Z. Wang, and J.G. Anderson. 2010. Ground-motion simulation for the 2008 Wenchuan, China, earthquake using the stochastic finite-fault method. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 100: 2476–2490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gorum, T., X. Fan, C.J. van Westen, R.Q. Huang, Q. Xu, C. Tang, and G. Wang. 2011. Distribution pattern of earthquake-induced landslides triggered by the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Geomorphology 133: 152–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.12.030.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hao, K. X., H. Si, H. Fujiwara, and T. Ozawa. 2009. Coseismic surface-ruptures and crustal deformations of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake Mw7.9, China. Geophysical Reseach Letters 36: L11303. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl037971.

  • Hartzell, S., C. Mendoza, L. Ramirez-Guzman, Y. Zeng, and W. Mooney. 2013. Rupture history of the 2008 MW 7.9 Wenchuan, China, Earthquake: Evaluation of separate and joint inversions of geodetic, teleseismic, and strong-motion data. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 103: 353–370. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120120108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto, M., M. Enomoto, and Y. Fukushima. 2010. Coseismic deformation from the 2008 Wenchuan, China earthquake derived from ALOS/PALSAR images. Tectonophysics 491: 59–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.08.034.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He, H. L., Z.M. Sun, Z.Y. Wei, S.P. Dong, X. Gao, S.Y. Wang, and J.Q. Wang. 2008. Rupture of the MW 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake along Baishahe river (in Chinese). Seismology and Geology 30 (3): 658–673.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, T., and H. Yao. 2018. Coseismic radiation of the 2008 MW 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake and its relationship with fault complexities. Pure and Applied Geophysics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-2050-3.

  • Huang, Y., J.-P. Wu, T.-Z. Zhang, and D.-N. Zhang. 2008. Relocation of the M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake and its aftershock sequence. Science in China, Series D: Earth Sciences 51: 1703–1711.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard, J., and J.H. Shaw. 2009. Uplift of the Longmen Shan and Tibetan plateau, and the 2008 Wenchuan (M = 7.9) earthquake. Nature 458: 194–197. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07837.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard, J., J.H. Shaw, and Y. Klinger. 2010. Structural setting of the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan, China, earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 100: 2713–2735. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, R.-D., J.-P. Chang, C.-Y. Wang, J.-J. Wu, C.-H. Kuo, Y.-W. Tsai, W.-Y. Chang, and T.-W. Lin. 2011. Rise time and source duration of the 2008 MW 7.9 Wenchuan (China) earthquake as revealed by Rayleigh waves. Earth Planets Space 63: 427–434. https://doi.org/10.5047/eps.2011.01.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ji, C. 2008. Preliminary result of the May 12, 2008 Mw7.97 Sichuan, China earthquake. http://www.geol.ucsb.edu/faculty/ji/big_earthquakes/2008/05/12/ShiChuan.html.

  • Jia, D., Y. Li, A. Lin, M. Wang, W. Chen, X. Wu, Z. Ren, Y. Zhao, and L. Luo. 2010. Structural model of 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake in the rejuvenated Longmen Shan thrust belt, China. Tectonophysics 491: 174–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.08.040.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jia, K., S. Zhou, J. Zhuang, and C. Jiang. 2014. Possibility of the independence between the 2013 Lushan earthquake and the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake on Longmen Shan fault, Sichuan, China. Geophysical Reseach Letters 85: 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1785/0220130115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, T., Z. Peng, W. Wang, and Q.-F. Chen. 2010. Remotely triggered seismicity in continental China following the 2008 MW 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 100: 2574–2589. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090286.

  • Kerr, R.A., and R. Stone. 2009. A human trigger for the great quake of Sichuan? Science 323: 322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, R.A., and R. Stone. 2010. Two years later, new rumblings over origins of Sichuan quake. Science 327: 1184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klose, C.D. 2012. Evidence for anthropogenic surface loading as trigger mechanism of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Environmental Earth Science 66: 1439–1447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-1355-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi, T., Y. Takada, M. Furuya, and M. Murakami. 2009. Locations and types of ruptures involved in the 2008 Sichuan earthquake inferred from SAR image matching. Geophysical Reseach Letters 36: L07302. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036907.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koketsu, K., Y. Yokota, H. Ghasemi, K. Hikima, H. Miyake, and Z. Wang. 2009. Source Process and Ground Motions of the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake, Investigation report of the May 12th 2008, Wenchuan earthquake, China, Grant-in-Aid for Special Purposes of 2008, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), No. 20900002, 201–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurahashi, S., and K. Irikura. 2010. Characterized source model for simulating strong ground motions during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 100: 2450–2475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lay, T. 2015. The surge of great earthquakes from 2004 to 2014. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 409: 133–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.10.047.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lei, X. 2011. Possible roles of the Zipingpu Reservoir in triggering the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 40: 844–854.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lei, X., S. Ma, X. Wen, J. Su, and F. Du. 2008. Integrated analysis of stress and regional seismicity by surface loading—A case study of Zipingpu reservoir (in Chinese with English abstract). Seismology and Geology 30 (4): 1046–1064.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, C.-Y., and Z.-Y. Wei. 2009. Deformation styles of the northeasternmost surface rupture zone of the MS 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake (in Chinese). Seismology and Geology 31 (1): 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, H., X. Fu, J. van der Woerd, J.L. Si, Z.X. Wang, L.W. Hou, Z.L. Qiu, N. Li, F.Y. Wu, Z.Q. Xu, and P. Tapponnier. 2008a. Surface rupture associated with the Wenchuan earthquake and its oblique slip. Acta Geologica Sinica 82: 1623–1643.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, X., Z. Zhou, M. Huanng, R. Wen, H. Yu, D. Lu, Y. Zhou, and J. Cui. 2008b. Preliminary analysis of strong-motion recordings from the magnitude 8.0 Wenchuan, China, earthquake of 12 May 2008. Seismological Research Letters 79: 844–854. https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.79.6.844.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, C.-Y., Z.-Y. Wei, J.-Q. Ye, Y.-B. Han, and W.-J. Zheng. 2010a. Amounts and styles of coseismic deformation along the northern segment of surface ruptures, of the 2008 Wenchuan Mw 7.9 earthquake, China. Tectonophysics 491: 35–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.09.023.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y., D. Jia, J.H. Shaw, J. Hubbard, A. Lin, M. Wang, L. Luo, H. Li, and L. Wu. 2010b. Structural interpretation of the coseismic faults of the Wenchuan earthquake: Three-dimensional modeling of the Longmen Shan fold-and-thrust belt. Journal Geophysical Research 115: B04317. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006824.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y.G., J.R. Su, and T.C. Chen. 2012. Fault-zone trapped waves at a dip fault: Documentation of rock damage on the thrusting Longmen Shan fault ruptured in the 2008 M8 Wenchuan earthquake. In Imaging modeling and assimilation in seismology, ed. Y.G. Li, 151–198. Beijing: Higher Education Press; Boston: De Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, H., H. Wang, Z. Xu, J. Si, J. Pei, T. Li, Y. Huang, S.-R. Song, L.-W. Kuo, Z. Sun, M.-L. Chevalier, and D. Liu. 2013. Characteristics of the fault-related rocks, fault zones and the principal slip zone in the Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling Project Hole-1 (WFSD-1). Tectonophysics 584: 23–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, H., Z. Xu, Y. Niu, G. Kong, Y. Huang, H. Wang, J. Si, Z. Sun, J. Pei, Z. Gong, M.-L. Chevalier, and D. Liu. 2014a. Structural and physical property characterization of the Wenchuan earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling project—hole 1 (WFSD-1). Tectonophysics 619–620: 86–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y.G., Z.Q. Xu, and H.B. Li. 2014b. Rock damage structure of the south Longmen Shan fault in the 2008 M8 Wenchuan earthquake viewed with fault-zone trapped waves and scientific drilling. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 88 (2): 444–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, H., L. Xue, E.E. Brodsky, J.J. Mori, P.M. Fulton, H. Wang, Y. Kano, K. Yun, R.N. Harris, Z. Gong, C. Li, J. Si, Z. Sun, J. Pei, Y. Zheng, and Z. Xu. 2015. Long-term temperature records following the MW 7.9 Wenchuan (China) earthquake are consistent with low friction. Geology 43 (2): 163–166. https://doi.org/10.1130/g35515.

  • Li, Z., P. Zhang, W. Zheng, D. Jia, J. Hubbard, R. Almeida, C. Sun, X. Shi, and T. Li. 2018. Oblique thrusting and strain partitioning in the Longmen Shan fold-and-thrust belt, eastern Tibetan plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 123: 4431–4453. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jb015529.

  • Li, Y.G., J.R. Su, T.C. Chen, and P. Wu. 2019. Structural relationship between the 2008 M8 Wenchuan and 2013 M7 Lushan earthquakes viewed by fault-zone trapped waves, this volume.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, A., Z. Ren, D. Jia, and X. Wu. 2009. Co-seismic thrusting rupture and slip distribution produced by the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, China. Tectonophysics 471: 203–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.02.014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, A., Z. Ren, D. Jia, and Y. Miyairi. 2010. Evidence for a Tang-Song Dynasty great earthquake along the Longmen Shan thrust belt prior to the 2008 MW 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, China. Journal of Seismology 14: 615–628. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-010-9186-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, A., G. Rao, and B. Yan. 2012. Field evidence of rupture of the Qingchuan Fault during the 2008 Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, northeastern segment of the Longmen Shan Thrust Belt, China. Tectonophysics 522: 243–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, A., G. Rao, and B. Yan. 2014. Structural analysis of the right-lateral strike-slip Qingchuan fault, northeastern segment of the Longmen Shan thrust belt, central China. Journal of Structural Geology 68: 227–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2014.09.014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, X., D. Dreger, H. Ge, P. Xu, M. Wu, A. Chiang, G. Zhao, and H. Yuan. 2018. Spatial and temporal variations in the moment tensor solutions of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake aftershocks and their tectonic implications. Tectonics 37: 989–1005. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017TC004764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J., Z. Zhang, L. Wen, J. Sun, X. Xing, G. Hu, Q. Xu, P. Tapponier, L. Zeng, L. Ding, and Y. Liu. 2008. The Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake coseismic rupture and its tectonic implications-an out-of-sequence thrusting event with slip partitioned on multiple faults. Acta Geologica Sinica 82 (12): 1707–1722.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J., Z. Zhang, L. Wen, P. Tapponnier, J. Sun, X. Xing, G. Hu, Q. Xu, L. Zeng, L. Ding, C. Ji, K.W. Hudnut, and J. van der Woerd. 2009. Co-seismic ruptures of the 12 May 2008, MS 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, Sichuan: East-west crustal shortening on oblique, parallel thrusts along the eastern edge of Tibet. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 286: 355–370. https://doi.org/10.1016.j.epsl.2009.07.017.

  • Liu, J., L. Wen, J. Sun, Z. Zhang, G. Hu, X. Xing, L. Zeng, and Q. Xu. 2010. Surficial slip and rupture geometry on the Beichuan fault near Hongkou during the Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, China. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 100: 2615–2650.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J., J. Sun, P. Wang, K.W. Hudnut, C. Ji, Z. Zhang, Q. Xu, and L. Wen. 2012. Surface ruptures on the transverse Xiaoyudong fault: A significant segment boundary breached during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, China. Tectonophysics 580: 218–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.09.024.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, X., X. Zhang, L. Zhou, et al. 2010. Research and analysis on accurate positioning of earthquakes in the Zipingpu reservoir area. Seismology 30 (20): 10–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luo, G., and M. Liu. 2010. Stress evolution and fault interactions before and after the 2008 Great Wenchuan earthquake. Tectonophysics 491: 127–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.12.019.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, B.Q., G. Su, Z.H. Hou, and S.B. Shu. 2005. Late quaternary slip rate in the central part of the Longmenshan fault zone from terrace deformation along the Minjiang River (in Chinese). Seismology and Geology 27 (2): 234–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ma, W., C. Xu, and X. Zhang. 2011. Discussion on the relationship between Zipingpu reservoir and the Wenchuan earthquake (in Chinese with English abstract). Seismology and Geology 33 (1): 175–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, T., S. Tsuboi, Y. Kaneda, and Y. Yamanaka. 2010. Rupture process of the 2008 Wenchuan, China earthquake inferred from teleseismic waveform inversion and forward modeling of broadband seismic waves. Tectonophysics 491: 72–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.09.020.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nalbant, S.S., and J. McCloskey. 2011. Stress evolution before and after the 2008 Wenchuan, China earthquake. Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters 307: 222–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.04.039.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nishimura, N., and Y. Yagi. 2008. A huge earthquake occurred in Sichuan Province, China on May 12, 2008 (provisional). http://www.geol.tsukuba.ac.jp/~yagi-y/EQ/20080512/index.html.

  • Okuwaki, R., and Y. Yagi. 2018. Role of geometric barriers in irregular-rupture evolution during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Geophysical Journal International 212: 1657–1664. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggx502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ouimet, W.B. 2010. Landslides associated with the May 12, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake: Implications for the erosion and tectonic evolution of the Longmen Shan. Tectonophysics 491: 244–252. https://doi.org/10.10106/j.tecto.2009.09.012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pan, J., H. Li, J. Si, J. Pei, X. Fu, M.-L. Chevalier, and D. Liu. 2014. Rupture process of the Wenchuan earthquake (Mw 7.9) from surface ruptures and fault striations characteristics. Tectonophysics 619–620: 13–28. https://doi.org/10.1016.j.tecto.2013.06.028.

  • Parsons, T., C. Ji, and E. Kirby. 2008. Stress changes from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and increased hazard in the Sichuan basin. Nature 454: 509–510. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pei, S., J. Su, H. Zhang, Y. Sun, M.N. Toksöz, Z. Whang, X. Gao, J. Liu-Zeng, and J. He. 2010. Three-dimensional seismic velocity structure across the 2008 Wenchuan MS 8.0 earthquake, Sichuan, China. Tectonophysics 491: 211–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.08.039.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qu, D., X. Shan, Y. Liu, G. Zhang, X. Song, G. Zhang, L. Guo, and Y. Han. 2012. Ground surface ruptures and near-fault, large-scale displacements caused by the Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake derived from pixel offset tracking on synthetic aperture radar images. Acta Geologica Sinica 86: 510–519.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ran, Y., L. Chen, J. Chen, H. Wang, G. Chen, J. Yin, X. Shi, C. Li, and X. Xu. 2010. Paleoseismic evidence and repeat time of large earthquakes at three sites along the Longmenshan fault zone. Tectonophysics 491: 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2010.01.009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Royden, L.H., B.C. Burchfiel, and R.D. van der Hilst. 2008. The geological evolution of the Tibetan Plateau. Science 321: 1054–1058. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shan, B., X. Xiong, Y. Zheng, and F. Diao. 2009a. Stress changes on major faults caused by Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake May 12, 2008. Science in China Series D-Earth Sciences 52: 593–601.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shan, X., C. Qu, X. Song, G. Zhang, Y. Liu, et al. 2009b. Coseismic surface deformation caused by the Wenchuan earthquake from InSAR data analysis. Chinese Journal of Geophysics 52: 496–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shan, B., X. Xiong, Y. Zheng, B. Jin, C. Liu, X. Xie, and H. Hsu. 2013. Stress changes on major faults caused by 2013 Lushan earthquake and its relationship with 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Science China Earth Sciences 56: 1169–1176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-013-4642-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shen, Z.-K., J. Sun, P. Zhang, Y. Wan, M. Wang, R. Bürgmann, Y. Zeng, W. Gan, H. Liao, and Q. Wang. 2009. Slip maxima at fault junctions and rupturing of barriers during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Nature Geosciences 2: 718–724. https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO636.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, J., F. Liang, Z.K. Shen, and X. Xu. 2008. InSAR deformation observation and preliminary analysis of the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake (in Chinese with English abstract). Seismology and Geology 30: 489–495.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, Y.-J., H. Zhang, S.-W. Dong, L. Zheng, B. Zhang, H.-H. Cheng, and Y.-L. Shi. 2014. Study on the effect of Zipingpu reservoir on the occurrence of 2008 Wenchaun MS 7.9 earthquake based on a 3D-poroelastic model. Chinese Journal of Geophysics 57: 209–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tao, W., T. Masterlark, Z.-K. Shen, and E. Ronchin. 2015. Impoundment of the Zipingpu reservoir and triggering of the 2008 MW 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, China. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 120: 7033–7047. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jb011766.

  • Toda, S., J. Lin, M. Meghraoui, and R.S. Stein. 2008. 12 May 2008 M = 7.9 Wenchuan, China, earthquake calculated to increase failure stress and seismicity rate on three major fault systems. Geophysical Research Letters 35: L17305. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl034903.

  • Tong, X., D.T. Sandwell, and Y. Fialko. 2010. Coseismic slip model of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake derived from joint inversion of interferometric synthetic aperture radar, GPS, and field data. Journal Geophysical Research 115: B04314. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006625.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wan, Y., and Z.K. Shen. 2010. Static Coulomb stress changes on faults caused by the 2008 Mw7.9 Wenchuan, China earthquake. Tectonophysics 491: 105–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wan, Y.G., Z.K. Shen, S.Z. Sheng, and X.F. Xu. 2009. The influence of 2008 Wenchuan earthquake on surrounding faults (in Chinese with English Abstract). Acta Seismologica Sinica 31 (2): 128–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wan, Y., Z.-K. Shen, R. Bürgmann, J. Sun, and M. Wang. 2017. Fault geometry and slip distribution of the 2008 MW 7.9 Wenchuan, China earthquake, inferred from GPS and InSAR measurements. Geophysical Journal International 208: 748–766. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggw421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, W.M., L.F. Zhao, J. Li, and Z.X. Yao. 2008. Rupture process of the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan, China. Chinese Journal of Geophysics 51 (5): 1403–1410 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Q., D. Cui, X. Zhang, W. Wang, J. Liu, K. Tian, and Z. Song. 2009a. Coseismic vertical deformation of the MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake from repeated levelings and its constraint on listric fault geometry. Earthquake Science 22: 595–602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11589-009-0595-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, W., S. Ni, Y. Chen, and H. Kanamori. 2009b. Magnitude estimation for early warning applications using the initial part of P waves: A case study on the 2008 Wenchuan sequence. Geophysical Reseach Letters 36: L16305. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038678.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Z., Y. Fukao, and S. Pei. 2009c. Structural control of rupturing of the Mw7.9 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 279: 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.038.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, H., Y.K. Ran, L.C. Chen, X. Shi, R.C. Liu, and F. Gomez. 2010a. Determination of horizontal shortening and amount of reverse-faulting from trenching across the surface rupture of the 2008 MW 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, China. Tectonophysics 491: 10–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, W., W. Sun, and Z. Jiang. 2010b. Comparison of fault models of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (MS8.0) and distributions of co-seismic deformations. Tectonophysics 491: 85–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.08.035.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Q., Q. Xuejun, L. Qigui, J. Freymueller, Y. Shaomin, X. Caijun, Y. Yonglin, Y. Xinshao, T. Kai, and C. Gang. 2011. Rupture of deep faults in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and uplift of the Longmen Shan. Nature Geosciences 4: 634–640. https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO1210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., C. Xu, J.T. Freymueller, Z. Li, and W. Shen. 2014a. Sensitivity of Coulomb stress change to the parameters of the Coulomb failure model: A case study using the 2008 MW 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 119: 3371–3392. https://doi.org/10.1002/2012jb009860.

  • Wang, Y., F. Wang, M. Wang, Z.-K. Shen, and Y. Wan. 2014b. Coulomb stress change and evolution induced by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and its delayed triggering of the 2013 MW 6.6 Lushan earthquake. Seismological Research Letters 85: 52–59. https://doi.org/10.1785/0220130111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, D., J. Mori, and K. Koketsu. 2016. Fast rupture propagation for large strike-slip earthquakes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 440: 115–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.02.022.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, Z., S. Yang, and X. Chen. 2008. Numerical simulation of strong ground motion for the MS 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences 51: 1673–1682.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wei, Z., H. He, F. Shi, X. Gao, and C. Xu. 2010. Topographic characteristics of rupture surface associated with the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 100: 2669–2680. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wen, Y.-Y., K.-F. Ma, and D.D. Oglesby. 2012. Variations in rupture speed, slip amplitude and slip direction during the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. Geophysical Journal International 190: 379–390. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05476.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Working Group of the Crustal Motion Observation Network of China Project. 2008. Coseismic displacement field of the 2008 MW 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake determined by GPS (in Chinese). Science in China Series D 38: 1195–1206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, J.-P., Y. Huang, T.-Z. Zhang, Y.-H. Ming, and L.-H. Fang. 2009a. Aftershock distribution of the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake and 3-D P-wave velocity structure in and around source region. Chinese Journal of Geophysics 52: 102–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, Z., S. Dong, P.J. Barosh, Z. Zhang, and H. Liao. 2009b. Dextral-slip thrust faulting and seismic events of the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, Longmenshan Mountains, eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Acta Geologica Sinica 83: 685–693.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, X.W., X.Z. Wen, J.Q. Ye, B.Q. Ma, J. Chen, R.J. Zhou et al. 2008. The Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure. Seismology and Geology 30 (3): 597–629 (in Chinese with an English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, X., G. Yu, G. Chen, Y. Ran, C. Li, Y. Chen, and C. Chang. 2009a. Parameters of coseismic reverse- and oblique-slip surface ruptures of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, Eastern Tibetan plateau. Acta Geologica Sinica 83: 673–684.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, X., X.Z. Wen, G.H. Yu, G.H. Chen, Y. Klinger, J. Hubbard, and J. Shaw. 2009b. Coseismic reverse- and oblique-slip surface faulting generated by the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, China. Geology 37: 515–518. https://doi.org/10.1130/G25462A.1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, Y., K.D. Koper, O. Sufri, L. Zhu, and A.R. Hutko. 2009c. Rupture imaging of the Mw 7.9 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake form back projection of teleseismic P waves. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 10: Q04006. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gc002335.

  • Xu, Z., S. Ji, H. Li, L. Hou, Z. Fu, and Z. Cai. 2009d. Uplift of the Longmen Shan range and the Wenchuan earthquake. Episodes 31: 291–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, C., Y. Liu, Y. Wen, and R. Wang. 2010a. Coseismic slip distribution of the 2008 MW 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake form join inversion of GPS and InSAR data. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 100: 2736–2749. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, Y., Z. Li, R. Huang, and Y. Xu. 2010b. Seismic structure of the Longmen Shan region from S-wave tomography and its relationship with the Wenchuan MS 8.0 earthquake on 12 May 2008, southwestern China. Geophysical Research Letters 37: L02304. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl041835.

  • Xue, L., H.-B. Li, E.E. Brodsky, Z.-Q. Xu, Y. Kano, H. Wang, J.J. Mori, J.-L. Si, et al. 2013. Continuous permeability measurements record healing inside the Wenchuan earthquake fault zone. Science 340: 1555–1559. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1237237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yagi, Y., N. Nishimura, and A. Kasahara. 2012. Source process of the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan, China, earthquake determined by waveform inversion of teleseismic body waves with a data covariance matrix. Earth Planets Space 64: e13–e16. https://doi.org/10.5047/eps.2012.05.006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamanaka, Y. 2008. Earthquake M7.5 in Sichuan, China, on May 12, Ver.2, NGY Seismology Notes. http://www.seis.nagoya-u.ac.jp/sanchu/Seismo_Note/2008/NGY8a.html.

  • Yang, Z.X., Y.T. Chen, J.R. Su, T.C. Chen, and P. Wu. 2012. The hypocenter and origin time of the Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake of May 12, 2008. Acta Seismologica Sinica 34 (2), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-3782.2012.02.001.

  • Ye, L., T. Lay, H. Kanamori, and L. Rivera. 2016. Rupture characteristics of major and great (Mw ≥ 7.0) megathrust earthquakes from 1990 to 2015: 1. Source parameter scaling relationships. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 121: 826–844. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jb012426.

  • Yin, A. 2010. A special issue on the great 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (Mw7.9): Observations and unanswered questions. Tectonophysics 491: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2010.05.019.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yin, X.Z., J.H. Chen, Z. Peng, X. Meng, Q.Y. Liu, B. Guo, and S.C. Li. 2018. Evolution and distribution of the early aftershocks following the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan, China. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, in press. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jb015575.

  • Yu, G., X. Xu, Y. Klinger, G. Diao, G. Chen, X. Feng, C. Li, A. Zhu, R. Yuan, T. Guo, X. Sun, X. Tan, and Y. An. 2010. Fault-scarp features and cascading-rupture model for the Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, eastern Tibetan Plateau, China. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 100: 2590–2614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, R.-M., X.-W. Xu, G.-H. Chen, X.-B. Tan, Y. Klinger, and H.-L. Xing. 2010. Ejection landslide at northern terminus of Beichuan rupture triggered by the 2008 MW 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 100: 2689–2699. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, H., and Z. Ge. 2010. Tracking the rupture of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake by using the relative back-projection method. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 100: 2551–2560. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, P.-Z., X.-W Xu, X.-Z Wen, and R.K. Rang. 2008. Slip rates and recurrence intervals of the Longmen Shan active fault zone and tectonics implications for the mechanism of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake, 2008, Sichuan, China (in Chinese with English abstract). Chinese Journal of Geophysics 51: 1066–1073.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y., W.-P. Feng, L.-S. Xu, C.-H. Zhou, and Y.-T. Chen. 2009. Spatio–temporal rupture process of the 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake. Science in China Series D-Earth Sciences 38 (10): 1186–1194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, P.-Z., X.-Z. Wen, Z.-K. Shen, and J.-H. Chen. 2010. Oblique, high-angle, listric-reverse faulting and associated development of strain: The Wenchuan earthquake of May 12, 2008, Sichuan, China. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences 38: 353–382. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-040809-152602.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, G., C. Qu, X. Shan, X. Song, G. Zhang, C. Want, J.-C. Hu, and R. Wang. 2011. Slip distribution of the 2008 Wenchuan MS 7.9 earthquake by joint inversion from GPS and InSAR measurements: a resolution test study. Geophysical Journal International 186: 207–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05039.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, G., M. Vallée, X. Shan, and B. Delouis. 2012. Evidence of sudden rupture of a large asperity during the 2008 Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake based on strong motion analysis. Geophysical Research Letters 39: L17303. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012gl052516.

  • Zhao, C., Z. Chen, L. Zhou, Z. Li, and Y. Kang. 2010. Rupture process of the 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of Sichuan, China: The segmentation feature. Chinese Science Bulletin 55: 284–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, Y., H.-S. Ma, J. Lü, S. Ni, Y.-C. Li, and S.-J. Wei. 2009. Source mechanism of strong aftershocks (Ms5.6) of the 2008/05/12 Wenchuan earthquake and the implication for seismotectonics. Science in China Series D 52 (6): 739–753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-009-0074-3.

  • Zhou, Q., X. Xu, G. Yu, X. Chen, H. He, and G. Yin. 2010. Width distribution of the surface ruptures associated with the Wenchuan earthquake: Implication for the setback zone of the seismogenic faults in postquake reconstruction. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 100: 2660–2668. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, S. 2018. Why did the most severe seismic hazard occur in the Beichuan area in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, China? Insight from finite element modelling. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 281: 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2018.05.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, S., and P. Zhang. 2013. FEM simulation of interseismic and coseismic deformation associated with the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Tectonophysics 584: 64–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.06.024.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

All seismological data used in finite-fault inversions by the author were obtained from the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) data management service (DMS) (https://www.iris.edu/hq/). Editor Yong-Gang Li provides helpful comments on the manuscript. The author’s research on earthquake processes is supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation grant EAR1802364. This chapter was prepared following the International Conference for the Decade Memory of the Wenchuan Earthquake (4th International Conference on Continental Earthquakes), May 12–14, 2018 in Chengdu, China. The author’s participation in that excellent conference was supported by the China Earthquake Administration.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA

    Thorne Lay

Authors
  1. Thorne Lay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Thorne Lay .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Yong-Gang Li

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Higher Education Press and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Lay, T. (2019). Rupture Process of the 2008 Wenchuan, China, Earthquake: A Review. In: Li, YG. (eds) Earthquake and Disaster Risk: Decade Retrospective of the Wenchuan Earthquake. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8015-0_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation