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Analysis of a Play and Five Films of Funeral Services

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Funeral Rites in Contemporary Korea

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Abstract

Film and theatre performances often reflect the realities and concerns of a society and also critique some practices in it as well as educate people at a particular point in time. Death in general has been a topic of plays and movies frequently enough in all parts of the world. The funeral rite specifically is much less frequently the focus of a play or a movie. However, there have been some movies dealing with death and funeral rites simultaneously since the mid-1990s in Korea.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    There are similarities and differences in these approaches.

  2. 2.

    A multi-disciplinary full-text database of journal articles published by major Korean research institutions.

  3. 3.

    Joongang Ilbo. ‘임권택감독 새작품 영화, 축제 (Director Ihm Kwon-Taek’s new production, The Festival)’, 2 May 1996, http://news.joins.com/article/3261030. Accessed 29/12/2017.

  4. 4.

    Joongang Ilbo. ‘임권택감독 새작품 영화, 축제 (Director Ihm Kwon-Taek’s new production, The Festival)’, 2 May 1996, http://news.joins.com/article/3261030. Accessed 29/12/2017.

  5. 5.

    Who I Am. ‘영화 추천, 축제, 임권택, 1996 (Recommending a movie, The Festival by Ihm Kwon-Taek)’, 8 April 2011, https://www.whoim.kr/detail.php?number=4203&thread=44r05. Accessed 31/12/2017.

  6. 6.

    Bada Gaemi. ‘임권택 영화 축제와 영화 원작 이청준의 축제 이야기 (A story about the movie The Festival directed by Ihm Kwon-Taek and the novel written by Lee Cheong-Jun)’, 22 January 2014, http://mtant.tistory.com/entry/임권택-영화-축제와-영화-원작-이청준의-축제-이야기, 31/12/2017.

  7. 7.

    Bada Gaemi. ‘임권택 영화 축제와 영화 원작 이청준의 축제 이야기 (A story about the movie The Festival directed by Ihm Kwon-Taek and the novel written by Lee Cheong-Jun)’, 22 January 2014, http://mtant.tistory.com/entry/임권택-영화-축제와-영화-원작-이청준의-축제-이야기, 31/12/2017.

  8. 8.

    ‘할미꽃은 봄을세는 술래란다 (Pasqueflower is the tagger that counts the spring)’.

  9. 9.

    Won Yong-Il. ‘영화 “축제” (임권택 감독)를 보고 (After watching the movie, Chukje, directed by Ihm Kwon-Taek)’, 2009, http://biblenara.org/jboard/?p=detail&code=idbsi2&id=5947&page=256, 31/12/2017. Also see Yang Yun-Ui. ‘Commentary’, in Yi Cheong-Jun. 2016. Chukje (The Festival), p. 294.

  10. 10.

    Chosun Ilbo. ‘치킨 배달부보다 먼 그대, 옆집사람 (The ones distant much further than the kitchen deliverer, the neighbours)’, 22 December 2017, http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2017/12/22/2017122200237.html. Accessed 29/12/2017.

  11. 11.

    In the film, only rice is inserted into the mouth. This seems similar to some other cultures as shown in Langford (2009).

  12. 12.

    Binyeo or ‘a hair stick (also hairstick) is a straight, pointed device, usually between five and nine inches in length, used to hold a person’s hair in place in a hair bun or similar hairstyle’. See Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_stick. Accessed 22/10/2018.

  13. 13.

    This ‘return of blessing’ is known to be a practice particularly in Namdo island where the film was shot—see Kam Na-Young. ‘한국인과 죽음영화 축제를 중심으로 (Koreans and their Films of death with reference to Chukje)’, 28 October 2015, https://prezi.com/nigpthgtaozk/_/. Accessed 1/1/2018.

  14. 14.

    Bada Gaemi. ‘임권택 영화 축제와 영화 원작 이청준의 축제 이야기 (A story about the movie The Festival directed by Ihm Kwon-Taek and the novel written by Lee Cheong-Jun)’, 22 January 2014, http://mtant.tistory.com/entry/임권택-영화-축제와-영화-원작-이청준의-축제-이야기. Accessed 31/12/2017.

  15. 15.

    Won Yong-Il. ‘영화 “축제” (임권택 감독)를 보고 (After watching the movie, Chukje, directed by Ihm Kwon-Taek)’, 2009, http://biblenara.org/jboard/?p=detail&code=idbsi2&id=5947&page=256, 31/12/2017.

  16. 16.

    Hanguk Kyungje. ‘이청준 원작/임권택 감독 ‘축제’, 영화/소설 동시 완성 (The simultaneous production of the film and novel—The Festival)’, 19 April 1996, http://news.hankyung.com/article/1996041801741. Accessed 1/1/2018.

  17. 17.

    movie|fone. ‘Happy Funeral Director (2000)’, n.d. https://www.moviefone.com/movie/happy-funeral-director/20014430/main/. Accessed 3/1/2018; Variety. ‘Happy Funeral Director’, 9 October 2000, http://variety.com/2000/film/reviews/happy-funeral-director-1200464911/. Accessed 2/1/2018.

  18. 18.

    Allcinema. 행복한 장의사 (Happy Funeral Director), n.d. http://www.allcinema.co.kr/technote/board.php?board=movies&config=&command=body&no=1630. Accessed 3/1/2018.

  19. 19.

    Joongang Ilbo. ‘죽음’ 넘어선 경쾌한 웃음…〈행복한 장의사〉 (A refreshing laughter beyond death … Happy Funeral Director), 25 February 2002, http://news.joins.com/article/531163. Accessed 2/1/2018.

  20. 20.

    Bulgyo Jeoneol (Buddhist Journal). ‘행복한 장의사 (Happy Funeral Director)’, 4 May 2015, http://www.buddhismjournal.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=11727. Accessed 2/1/2018.

  21. 21.

    Dahan. ‘행복한 장의사 (Happy Funeral Director)’, 17 August 2015, https://watcha.net/v2/users/MatT32YDyzdC/com. Accessed 2/1/2018.

  22. 22.

    Joongang Ilbo. ‘죽음’ 넘어선 경쾌한 웃음…〈행복한 장의사〉 (A refreshing laughter beyond death … Happy Funeral Director)’, 25 February 2002, http://news.joins.com/article/531163. Accessed 2/1/2018.

  23. 23.

    Yun Se-Yeong. ‘행복한 장의사 (Happy Funeral Director)’, 17 August 2015, https://watcha.net/v2/users/MatT32YDyzdC/com. Accessed 2/1/2018.

  24. 24.

    Naver 영화. ‘행복한 장의사 (Film: Happy Funeral Director)’, 9 January 2006, http://movie.naver.com/movie/bi/mi/review.nhn?code=27629. Accessed 2/1/2018.

  25. 25.

    Joongang Ilbo. ‘죽음 넘어선 경쾌한 웃음…〈행복한 장의사〉(A refreshing laughter beyond death … Happy Funeral Director)’, 25 February 2002, http://news.joins.com/article/531163. Accessed 2/1/2018.

  26. 26.

    Donga Ilbo. 26 March 2004, ‘주말 TV영화/28일, 행복한 장의사 (Weekend TV movie, Happy Funeral Director)’, http://news.donga.com/3/all/20040326/8043926/1, 2/1/2018.

  27. 27.

    Hankyoreh. n.d. ‘새영화, 행복한 장의사 (New movie, Happy Funeral Director)’, http://legacy.www.hani.co.kr/section-009050000/2000/p009050000200001100210001.html, 2/1/2018. Also see cf. Murakami (2000).

  28. 28.

    Hankyoreh. n.d. ‘[새영화] 행복한 장의사 (New film: Happy Funeral Director)’, http://legacy.www.hani.co.kr/section-009050000/2000/p009050000200001100210001.html, 2/1/2018.

  29. 29.

    Bulgyo Jeoneol (Buddhist Journal). ‘행복한 장의사 (Happy Funeral Director)’, 4 May 2015, http://www.buddhismjournal.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=11727. Accessed 2/1/2018.

  30. 30.

    The lantern is hung at the gate of the mourning residence.

  31. 31.

    Bulgyo Jeoheol (Buddhist Journal). ‘행복한 장의사 (Happy Funeral Director)’, 4 May 2015, http://www.buddhismjournal.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=11727. Accessed 2/1/2018.

  32. 32.

    ‘[주말 TV영화/28일] “행복한 장의사” 외 (The films on the weekend TV/28th: Happy Funeral Director etc’, 26 March 2004, http://news.donga.com/List/3/70090000000049/20040326/8043926/1. Accessed 2/1/2018.

  33. 33.

    ‘Janguisa’ literally means funeral performer or funeral ritual performer. It is possible that some Koreans might regard it as ‘funeral doctor’.

  34. 34.

    Daejeon Ilbo. ‘시신 염습 전 반드시 이걸해요: 행복한 장의사 홍범표씨 (This is what I do prior to embalming: a happy funeral director Hong Beom-Pyo)’, 25 February 2014, http://www.daejonilbo.com/news/newsitem.asp?pk_no=1106048. Accessed 2/1/2018; Sangjo News. ‘행복한 장의사 한우기, 30년 장례봉사 (Happy Funeral Director Han Woo-Gi serving the role for 30 years [free of charge])’, http://www.sjnews.co.kr/news_gisa/gisa_view.htm?gisa_idx=6312, 20/9/2010.

  35. 35.

    시민의 소리 (Citizens’ Voice). ‘“복 받을 껴” 소리 듣는 행복한 장의 (The happy funeral director who is told, “You will be blessed”)’, 5 November 2008. http://www.siminsori.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=59778&replyAll=&reply_sc_order_by=C. Accessed 2/1/2018.

  36. 36.

    Hankyoreh. ‘내려올지 말지 선택이 고민스러울 때 ‘단재’를 보세요 (When you are unable to make a selection, look at this man, Danjae)’, 17 November 2016, http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/area/770855.html. Accessed 5/1/2018. Kyeongin Ilbo. ‘1인 15역 신들린 연기, 삶을 반추하다 (One performer taking 15 roles, reflecting on life)’, 10 August 2016, http://ssc.giib.co.kr/main/view.php?key=20160809010002700. Accessed 5/1/2018.

  37. 37.

    ‘염쟁이 유씨, 작품내용 (The Mortician Mr Yu, the contents)’, 10 January 2008. http://www.dureart.co.kr/bbs/skin/ggambo6010_board/print.php?id=n_data&no=227. Accessed 6/1/2018.

  38. 38.

    ‘염쟁이 유씨, 작품내용 (The Mortician Mr Yu, the contents)’, 10 January 2008. http://www.dureart.co.kr/bbs/skin/ggambo6010_board/print.php?id=n_data&no=227. Accessed 6/1/2018.

  39. 39.

    ‘염쟁이 유씨, 작품내용 (The Mortician Mr Yu, the contents)’, 10 January 2008. http://www.dureart.co.kr/bbs/skin/ggambo6010_board/print.php?id=n_data&no=227. Accessed 6/1/2018.

  40. 40.

    Kim In-Kyeong. ‘염쟁이 유씨 (The Mortician Mr Yu)’, 5 December 2012. http://cluster1.cafe.daum.net/_c21_/bbs_search_read?grpid=1FnmM&fldid=jQCG&datanum=18&openArticle=true&docid=1FnmMjQCG1820121205171414. Accessed 6/1/2018.

  41. 41.

    전북연합신문 (Chunbuk Yonhap Sinmun). ‘현대차 전주공장, 노인 위한 문화공연 관람행사 열어 (Hyundai Motor Car, a cultural performance for the older people)’, 16 October 2012, http://www.jbyonhap.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=62790. Accessed 5/1/2018.

  42. 42.

    ‘염쟁이 유씨를 통해 삶을 돌아본다 (Reflecting on my life through the play, the Mortician Mr Yu)’, 12 September 2016, https://brunch.co.kr/@anticham7/358. Accessed 7/1/2018.

  43. 43.

    ‘배우, 유순웅, 염쟁이 유씨 (Actor Yu Soon-Woong, The Mortician Mr Yu)’, Kyunghyang Sinmun 14 December 2006, Cited in Blog.Daum.Net, 19 December 2006, http://blog.daum.net/duddiddl/8504241. Accessed 7/1/2018.

  44. 44.

    Pressian.Com. ‘10년간 1인극 “염쟁이 유씨” 열연한 “명량” 김 노인 (Performing a monodrama for 10 years, performing the oldman in MyeongRyang’, 25 August 2014, http://www.pressian.com/news/article.html?no=119757. Accessed 7/1/2018.

  45. 45.

    Maxmovie. ‘장례식의 멤버 (Members of the Funeral)’, n.d. http://www.maxmovie.com/Movie/M000062257. Accessed 8/1/2018.

  46. 46.

    Flatinum. ‘장례식의 멤버 (Members of the Funeral)’, 14 November 2013, http://noproblemmylife.tistory.com/869. Accessed 8/1/2018.

  47. 47.

    Sangjo News. ‘영화‘장례식의 멤버’, 장례지도사 이야기, 베를린영화제 초청 (The film, Members of the Funeral, invited to the Berlin Film Festival)’, 14 February 2009, http://www.sjnews.co.kr/news_gisa/gisa_view.htm?gisa_idx=3110. Accessed 8/1/2018.

  48. 48.

    네이버 블로그 (Naver Blog). ‘영화, 장례식의 멤버(2008) 흔한 이웃의 초상 (Film, Members of the Funeral (2008), Common deaths in the neighbours’, https://m.blog.naver.com/PostView.nhn?blogId=y_woo_&logNo=220688985144&proxyReferer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2F. Accessed 8/1/2018.

  49. 49.

    Sangjo News. ‘최초 장례지도사 영화 ‘내사랑 내곁에’ 개봉 (Opening of the first film of professional funeral director—Closer to Heaven)’, 15 September 2009, http://www.sjnews.co.kr/news/3816. Accessed 27/12/2017.

  50. 50.

    Alphawiki. ‘내사랑 내곁에, 영화 (Film: Closer to Heaven)’, 27 September 2017, https://www.alphawiki.org/w/내사랑 내곁에(영화). Accessed 8/1/2018.

  51. 51.

    Daum.net. ‘영화: 한국영화 뭐가 재밌죠? (Film: which Korean movie is interesting?)’, 19 March 2010, http://tip.daum.net/question/58299380. Accessed 8/1/2018.

  52. 52.

    Daum.net. ‘영화: 한국영화 뭐가 재밌죠? (Film: which Korean movie is interesting?)’, 19 March 2010, http://tip.daum.net/question/58299380. Accessed 8/1/2018.

  53. 53.

    Fanfriend. ‘희귀병의 가슴아픈 영화 내사랑 내곁에 (A sad film dealing with a rare disease: Closer to Heaven)’, 1 December 2014, https://m.blog.naver.com/PostView.nhn?blogId=maisonc&logNo=220197168170&proxyReferer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2F. Accessed 8/1/2018; iMBC연예 (Entertainment), ‘[애프터 스크리닝] <내 사랑 내 곁에>, 하지원을 위한 영화? (After screening ‘Closer to Heaven’, Is this film for Ha Ji-Won?)’, http://enews.imbc.com/News/RetrieveNewsInfo/3482. Accessed 8/1/2018. Also see 문화포커스 (Culture Line), ‘영화이야기, 내 사랑 내 곁에, 2009 (A story about films, Closer to Heaven)’, 23 October 2009, http://m.cultureline.kr/contents/page/culture_focus_view.asp?article_seq=1625&page=28. Accessed 8/1/2018.

  54. 54.

    Fanfriend. ‘희귀병의 가슴아픈영화 내사랑내곁에 (A sad film dealing with a rare disease: Closer to Heaven)’, 1 December 2014, https://m.blog.naver.com/PostView.nhn?blogId=maisonc&logNo=220197168170&proxyReferer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2F. Accessed 8/1/2018.

  55. 55.

    Incidentally, the majority of funeral professionals in Australia seem female.

  56. 56.

    Maxmovie. ‘내사랑 내곁에 (Closer to Heaven)’, n.d. http://www.maxmovie.com/Movie/M000056816/video. Accessed 8/1/2018.

  57. 57.

    Song Won-Sup. ‘내사랑 내곁에, 정말 김명민이 필요했을까 (Closer to Heaven, did it really require Kim Myeong-Min?)’, http://fivecard.joins.com/554. Accessed 8/1/2018.

  58. 58.

    OhmyNews. ‘<내사랑 내곁에 > 왜 재미가 없을까? (Closer to Heaven: Why is it boring?)’, http://star.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/OhmyStar/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0001227767&CMPT_CD=TAG_PC. Accessed 8/1/2018. Also see Korea HealthLog (by Yang Kwang-Mo), ‘내사랑 내곁에, 김명민 루게릭 연기는 100점 (Closer to Heaven, Full score to the male actor Kim Myeong-Min acting a Lou Gehrig’s disease patient)’, 25 October 2009, http://www.koreahealthlog.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=3216. Accessed 8/1/2018.

  59. 59.

    NeoEarly.Net. ‘울지 않았다, 그저 지금에 감사할 뿐… 영화 내 사랑 내 곁에 (I did not cry … just feeling gracious about this moment … the film, Closer to Heaven)’, 28 September 2009. http://neoearly.net/entry/울지-않았다-그저-지금에-감사할-뿐-영화-내-사랑-내-곁에. Accessed 8/1/2018. Also see 문화포커스 (Culture Line), ‘영화이야기, 내 사랑 내 곁에, 2009 (A story about films, Closer to Heaven)’, 23 October 2009, http://m.cultureline.kr/contents/page/culture_focus_view.asp?article_seq=1625&page=28. Accessed 8/1/2018.

  60. 60.

    iMBC연예 (Entertainment), ‘[애프터 스크리닝] <내 사랑 내 곁에>, 하지원을 위한 영화? (After screening ‘Closer to Heaven’, Is this film for Ha Ji-Won?)’, http://enews.imbc.com/News/RetrieveNewsInfo/3482. Accessed 8/1/2018.

  61. 61.

    Joongang Ilbo. ‘이혼율 9.3% 수준 (Divorce rate about 9.3%)’, http://news.joins.com/article/325004. Accessed 20/1/2018. Also see Wangdaebak. ‘한국의 이혼률 세계 1위 정말일까 (Divorce rate in Korea Number 1 in the world, is this true?)’, 21 March 2016, http://wangdaebak.tistory.com/904. Accessed 20/1/2018.

  62. 62.

    Cf. Kyunghyang Sinmun. ‘영화리뷰, 내 사랑 내 곁에 (Film review: Closer to Heaven)’, 16 September 2009, http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=200909161647421. Accessed 8/1/2018.

  63. 63.

    주작 (ZaZak). ‘내사랑 내곁에’, 이건 신파가 아니다! (Closer to Heaven, This is not a mere melodrama)’, 24 September 2009, http://zazak.tistory.com/291. Accessed 8/1/2018.

  64. 64.

    There are enough opinions in the internet space to disagree with the esoteric view. For instance, see a few comments on the ZaZak’s review.

  65. 65.

    Sangjo News. ‘장례지도사 영화 내사랑내곁에 촬영마쳐 (The movie of professional funeral director, the film shooting complete)’, http://www.sjnews.co.kr/news/2947. Accessed 8/1/2018.

  66. 66.

    Sangjo News. ‘주연 하지원 “장례지도사 영화” 제작—내사랑 내곁에 (Female protagonist, Ha Ji-Won, producing the film of professional funeral director, Closer to Heaven’, 16 December 2018, http://www.sjnews.co.kr/news_gisa/gisa_view.htm?gisa_idx=3164. Accessed 8/1/2018.

  67. 67.

    Sangjo News. ‘장례지도사 영화 ‘내사랑 내곁에’ 진주서 촬영 (The movie of professional funeral director, Closer to Heaven, film shooting in Jinju City)’, 16 April 2009, http://www.sjnews.co.kr/news_gisa/gisa_view.htm?gisa_idx=3002. Accessed 8/1/2018.

  68. 68.

    Sangjo News. ‘최초 장례지도사 영화 “내사랑 내곁에” 개봉’ (Opening of the first film of professional funeral director—Closer to Heaven), 15 September 2009, http://www.sjnews.co.kr/news_gisa/gisa_view.htm?gisa_idx=3816. Accessed 8/1/2018.

  69. 69.

    Sangjo News. ‘장례지도사 영화 내사랑 내곁에 촬영마쳐 (The movie of professional funeral director, the film shooting complete)’, 9 June 2009, http://www.sjnews.co.kr/news_gisa/gisa_view.htm?gisa_idx=2947. Accessed 8/1/2018.

  70. 70.

    Sangjo News. ‘장례지도사 영화 “내사랑 내곁에” 실망 (The film of professional funeral director, Closer to Heaven, disappointed)’, 6 October 2009, http://www.sjnews.co.kr/news_gisa/gisa_view.htm?gisa_idx=3767. Accessed 8/1/2018.

  71. 71.

    Sangjo News. ‘장례지도사 영화 “내사랑 내곁에” 실망 (The film of professional funeral director, Closer to Heaven, disappointed)’, 6 October 2009, http://www.sjnews.co.kr/news_gisa/gisa_view.htm?gisa_idx=3767. Accessed 8/1/2018.

  72. 72.

    Sangjo News. ‘장례지도사 영화 “내사랑 내곁에” 실망 (The film of professional funeral director, Closer to Heaven, disappointed)’, 6 October 2009, http://www.sjnews.co.kr/news_gisa/gisa_view.htm?gisa_idx=3767. Accessed 8/1/2018.

  73. 73.

    Supreme Prosecutors’ Office. ‘국민상조 비리 수사결과 (The outcome of police investigation of the misdeeds of Kookmin Sangjo)’, 13 January 2011, http://www.spo.go.kr:80/southseoul/notice/notice/notice01.jsp?mode=view&board_no=118&article_no=21405. Accessed 14/1/2009.

  74. 74.

    Realzzin. ‘영화, 화장: 줄거리 & 결말포함 (Film, Hwajang: summary)’, 23 June 2015, https://realzzin.blog.me/220399152101. Accessed 14/1/2018.

  75. 75.

    Shin’s Blog. ‘영화 <화장> 리뷰_죽음과 삶 사이에 예의를 다해 존재하기 (Film review: existence with courtesy between death and life)’, 24 May 2015, https://m.blog.naver.com/PostView.nhn?blogId=shinsee&logNo=220368820318&proxyReferer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2F. Accessed 14/1/2018.

  76. 76.

    TheArtist. ‘영화 <화장> 에 담겨있는 화장의 의미 (The meaning of hwajang contained in the film, Hwajang)’, 13 April 2015, www.theartist.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=838. Accessed 14/1/2018. The below summary and commentary is largely from Kang Kyu-Il in this review.

  77. 77.

    TheArtist. ‘영화 <화장> 에 담겨있는 화장의 의미 (The meaning of hwajang contained in the film, Hwajang)’, 13 April 2015, www.theartist.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=838. Accessed 14/1/2018.

  78. 78.

    TheArtist. ‘영화 <화장> 에 담겨있는 화장의 의미 (The meaning of hwajang contained in the film, Hwajang)’, 13 April 2015, www.theartist.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=838. Accessed 14/1/2018.

  79. 79.

    In the increasingly open-minded context, information-based media reports about the morticians and what they do have become a topic of interests only in recent years. For example, see Chosun Ilbo. ‘대통령 3명 염한 ‘무념무상’의 손 (The hands of the mortician for three Korean former presidents)’, 23 December 2017, http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2017/12/22/2017122201642.html. Accessed 16/1/2018.

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  1. School of Media, Film and Journalism, Monash University, Caulfield East, VIC, Australia

    Gil-Soo Han

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Han, GS. (2019). Analysis of a Play and Five Films of Funeral Services. In: Funeral Rites in Contemporary Korea. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7852-2_4

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