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Natural Compounds Extracted from Medicinal Plants and Their Applications

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Natural Bio-active Compounds

Abstract

Plant natural products have played an important role in the lives of human beings for their use as a source of food and medicine. The medicinal properties in plants typically result from the different combinations of these natural compounds known as phytochemicals. Generally, these phytochemicals are classified into primary and secondary compounds. Primary compounds include chlorophyll, proteins, and sugars, while secondary compounds include terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic. Many fruits, vegetables, and herbs contain a great variety of phytochemical such as phenolic compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids, quinones, coumarins, lignans, stilbenes, tannins), nitrogen compounds (alkaloids, amines, betalains), vitamins (A, C, D, E), and terpenes (including carotenoids). Different phytochemicals have different pharmacological activities, i.e., terpenoids have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimalarial, and antiviral activities. Alkaloids mostly have anesthetics properties. Phenolic compounds play important role in neutralizing free radicals. Flavonoids, one of the large groups of phenolic compounds, have various clinical properties such as anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antiviral. Due to this the phytochemicals are considered as a rich source of natural antioxidants and achieve an appreciable role in the development of modern drug for diseases, i.e., tumor, hepatic diseases, and arthritis. Apart from medicine, these natural compounds are also used as flavoring agents, fragrances, and functional additives by the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Many of these well-known and traditionally used natural compounds extracted from tea, wine, fruit, vegetables, and spices are already being introduced commercially, both as medicine and additives in food supplements. Thus, natural compounds become an alternate health-care system to resolve the health problems of the world in today’s era. Therefore, the aim of this chapter is to provide an overview on the various types of phytochemicals and their medicinal importance, which may be helpful for the researchers to design new drugs against different disorders.

Sunbal Khalil Chaudhari and Mohd Sayeed Akhtar have equally contributed for this chapter.

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

      Saboon

    2. Department of Botany, The University of Lahore, Sargodha, Pakistan

      Sunbal Khalil Chaudhari

    3. Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

      Sohaib Arshad

    4. Department of Botany, Women Univeristy of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Bagh, Pakistan

      Muhammad Shoaib Amjad

    5. Department of Botany, Gandhi Faiz-e-Aam College, Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

      Mohd Sayeed Akhtar

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    Correspondence to Sunbal Khalil Chaudhari .

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    1. Department of Botany, Gandhi Faiz-e-Aam College, Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

      Mohd Sayeed Akhtar

    2. Department of Biotechnology, East West First Grade College of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

      Mallappa Kumara Swamy

    3. Department of Crop Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

      Uma Rani Sinniah

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    Saboon, Chaudhari, S.K., Arshad, S., Amjad, M.S., Akhtar, M.S. (2019). Natural Compounds Extracted from Medicinal Plants and Their Applications. In: Akhtar, M., Swamy, M., Sinniah, U. (eds) Natural Bio-active Compounds. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7154-7_7

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