Abstract
As the 21st century progresses, more people than ever have higher education qualifications. These qualifications are widely seen to be important tools for young people navigating complex global labour markets.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aina, C., & Pastore, F. (2012). Delayed graduation and overeducation: A test of the human capital model versus screening hypothesis. IZA discussion paper no. 6413, March 2012. Bonn: IZA.
Allen, K. (2016). Top girls navigating austere times: Interrogating youth transitions since the ‘crisis’. Journal of Youth Studies, 19(6), 805–820. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2015.1112885.
Antonucci, L. (2016). Student lives in crisis: Deepening inequality in times of austerity. Bristol, UK: Policy Press.
Antonucci, L. (2018). Not all experiences of precarious work lead to precarity: The case study of young people at university and their welfare mixes. Journal of Youth Studies, 21(7), 888–904. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2017.1421749.
Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS]. (2016, December). 6202.0—Labour Force, Australia. Retrieved November 15, 2017, from http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/6202.0Dec%202016?OpenDocument.
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW]. (2015). Australia’s welfare 2015. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Retrieved November 15, 2017, from http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=60129552015.
Britton, J., Dearden, L., Shephard, N., & Vignoles, A. (2016). How English domiciled graduate earnings vary with gender, institution attended, subject and socio-economic background (No. W16/06). IFS Working Papers.
Brooks, R. (2018). Understanding the higher education student in Europe: A comparative analysis. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 48(4), 500–517. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2017.1318047.
Brown, P., Power, S., Tholen, G., & Allouch, A. (2016). Credentials, talent and cultural capital: A comparative study of educational elites in England and France. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 37(2), 191–211.
Bryant, Joanne, & Ellard, Jeanne. (2015). Hope as a form of agency in the future thinking of disenfranchised young people. Journal of Youth Studies, 18(4), 485–499.
Chow, A., Glamabos, N. L., & Krahn, H. J. (2017). Work values during the transition to adulthood and mid-life satisfaction: Cascading effects across 25 years. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 41(1), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025415608518.
Collins, R. (1979). The credential society: An historical sociology of education and stratification. New York: Academic Press.
Cook, J. (2016). Young people’s strategies for coping with parallel imaginings of the future. Time & Society, 25(3), 700–717. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X15609829.
Co-Op BDO. (2015). 2015 Future leaders index. Retrieved June 19, 2018, from http://www.bdo.com.au/getattachment/Insights/Publications/Future-Leaders-Index/Future-Leaders-Index-Part-3/FLI_PAPER-3_Infographics_Final.pdf.aspx.
Corliss, M., Lewis, P., & Daly, A. (2013). The rate of return to higher education over the business cycle. Australian Journal of Labour Economics, 16, 219–236.
Côté, J. E. (2014). Towards a new political economy of youth. Journal of Youth Studies, 17(4), 527–543. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2013.836592.
Cuervo, H., Crofts, J., & Wyn, J. (2013). Generational insights into new labour market landscapes for youth. Research Report 42. Youth Research Centre. Melbourne: University of Melbourne.
Daly, A., Lewis, P., Corliss, M., & Heaslip, T. (2015). The private rate of return to a university degree in Australia. Australian Journal of Education, 59(1), 97–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/000-4944114565117.
Department for Business, Innovation, and Skills [BIS]. (2015). Fulfilling our potential: Teaching excellence, social mobility and student choice. London: Department for Business, Innovation, and Skills.
Dockery, A. M., & Miller, P. W. (2012). Over-education, under-education and credentialism in the Australian labour market. NCVER monograph series 10/2012. Adelaide, Australia: NCVER.
Dumas, D. (2016, January 9). Man v Machine: Half of NSW jobs at risk of computerisation. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved March 5, 2018, from https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/man-vs-machine-half-of-nsw-jobs-at-risk-of-computerisation-20160107-gm18t1.html.
Elder, S., & Kring, S. (2016). Young and female—A double strike? Gender analysis of school-to-work transition surveys in 32 developing economies. Geneva: International Labour Office.
Fogg, N. P., & Harrington, P. E. (2011). Rising mal-employment and the great recession: The growing disconnection between recent college graduates and the college labor market. Continuing Higher Education Review, 75, 51–65.
Formby, A. P. (2017). ‘Got a degree…all of a sudden I’m in a Jobcentre’: The role of ‘stigma’ in ‘precarious’ graduate transitions. Journal of Poverty and Social Justice, 25(3), 249–262. https://doi.org/10.1332/175982717X14877669275128.
Freeman, R. (1976). The overeducated American. Cambridge: Academic Press.
Furlong, A. (2014). Foreword. In L. Antonucci, M. Hamilton, & S. Roberts (Eds.), Young people and social policy in Europe: Dealing with risk, inequality and precarity in times of crisis (pp. x–xi). London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Gershon, I. (2017). Down and out in the new economy: How people find (or don’t find) work today. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Goos, M., & Manning, A. (2007). Lousy and lovely jobs: The rising polarization of work in Britain. Review of Economics and Statistics, 89(1), 118–133.
Green, F., & Henseke, G. (2016). Should governments of OECD countries worry about graduate underemployment? Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 32(4), 514–537. https://doi.org/10.1093/0xrep/grw024.
Green, F., & Zhu, Y. (2010). Overqualification, job dissatisfaction, and increasing dispersion in the returns to graduate education. Oxford Economic Papers, 62(4), 740–763. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpq002.
Hajkowicz, S. A., Reeson, A., Rudd, L., Bratanova, A., Hodgers, L., Mason, C., et al. (2016). Tomorrow’s digitally enabled workforce: Megatrends and scenarios for jobs and employment in Australia over the coming twenty years. Brisbane: CSIRO.
Heckhausen, J., Chang, E. S., Greenberger, E., & Chen, C. (2013). Striving for educational and career goals during the transition after high school: What is beneficial? Journal of Youth Adolescence, 42, 1385–1398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9812-5.
Holmes, L. (2013). Competing perspectives on graduate employability: Possession, position or process? Studies in Higher Education, 38(4), 538–554. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2011.587140.
Holmes, C., & Mayhew, K. (2015). Over-qualification and skills mismatch in the graduate labour market: Policy report. London: CIPD.
Howie, L., & Campbell, P. (2017). Crisis and terror in the age of anxiety. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Infosys. (2016). Amplifying human potential: Education and skills for the fourth industrial revolution. Retrieved May 25, 2017, from http://www.experienceinfosys.com/humanpotential.
International Labour Organisation [ILO]. (2013a). Global employment trends 2013: Recovering from a second jobs dip. Geneva: International Labour Organisation. Retrieved November 15, 2017, from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/-dgreports/-dcomm/-publ/documents/publication/wcms_202326.pdf.
International Labour Organisation [ILO]. (2013b). Mobilizing support for the call for action on the youth employment crisis. Geneva: International Labour Organisation. Retrieved November 15, 2017, from http://www.ilo.org/pardev/donors/WCMS_205743/lang-en/index.htm.
International Labour Organisation [ILO]. (2017). Global employment trends for youth 2017: Paths to a better working future. Geneva: International Labour Organisation. Retrieved February 3, 2018, from https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/global-employment-trends/WCMS_598669/lang-en/index.htm.
Karmel, T. (2015). Skills deepening or credentialism? Education qualifications and occupational outcomes, 1996–2011. Australian Journal of Labour Economics, 18(1), 29–51.
Karmel, T., & Carroll, D. (2016). Has the graduate job market been swamped? NILS Working Paper Series No. 228/2016. Adelaide: Flinders University, National Institute of Labour Studies.
Kelly, P. (2016). The self as enterprise: Foucault and the spirit of 21st century capitalism. Surrey: Gower.
Kelly, P. (2017). Growing up after the GFC: Responsibilisation and mortgaged futures. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 38(1), 57–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2015.1104852.
Krahn, H. J., & Galambos, N. L. (2014). Work values and beliefs of ‘Generation X’ and ‘Generation Y’. Journal of Youth Studies, 17(1), 92–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2013.815701.
Kuron, L. K. J., Lyons, S. T., Schweitzer, L., & Ng, E. S. W. (2015). Millennials’ work values: Differences across the school to work transition. Personnel Review, 44(6), 991–1009. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-01-2014-0024.
Leccardi, C. (2014). Young people and the new semantics of the future. SocietàMutamentoPolitica, 5(10), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.13128/SMP-15404.
Marginson, S. (2016). The worldwide trend to high participation higher education: Dynamics of social stratification in inclusive systems. Higher Education, 72(4), 413–434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-016-0016-x.
Mary, A. (2012). The illusion of the prolongation of youth: Transition to adulthood among Finnish and French female university students. Tampere, Finland: Tampere University Press.
Mateos-Romero, L., & del Mar Salina-Jiménez, M. (2018). Labor mismatches: Effects on wages and on job satisfaction in 17 OECD countries. Social Indicators Research, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1830-y.
Mavromaras, K., Mahuteau, S., Sloane, P., & Wei, Z. (2013). The effect of overskilling dynamics on wages. Education Economics, 21(3), 281–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2013.797382.
Mavromaras, K., & McGuiness, S. (2007). Education and skill mismatches in the labour market: Editors’ introduction. The Australian Economic Review, 40(3), 279–285.
McDowell, L. (2017). Youth, children and families in austere times: Change, politics and a new gender contract. Area, 49(3), 311–316.
McNay, L. (2009). Self as enterprise: Dilemmas of control and resistance in Foucault’s The Birth of Biopolitics. Theory, Culture & Society, 26(6), 55–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276409347697.
McVeigh, S. and McCormack, A. (2016, April 1). Deliveroo and Foodora: Getting paid but not on the payroll. Triple J Hack Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved July 9, 2018, from http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/hack/deliveroo-foodora-courier-riders/7292816.
Mourshed, M., Patel, J. & Suder, K. (2017). Education to employment: Getting Europe’s youth into work. McKinsey Center for Government. Retrieved June 2, 2018, from http://egdcfoundation.org/work/assets/McKinsey-Education-to-Employment-Europe.pdf.
Office for National Statistics [ONS]. (2017). Graduates in the UK labour market: 2017. London: Office for National Statistics. Retrieved February 3, 2018, from https://www.ons.gov.uk/releases/graduatesintheuklabourmarket2017.
Oinonen, E. (2018). Under pressure to become—From a student to entrepreneurial self. Journal of Youth Studies, 21(10), 1344–1360. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2018.1468022.
Oreopoulos, P., & Petronijevic, U. (2013). Making college worth it: A review of research on the returns to higher education. Working paper 19053, National Bureau of Economic Research working paper series. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Organisation for Economic Development [OECD]. (2014a). Society at a glance 2014. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved February 3, 2018, from http://www.oecd.org/social/societyataglance.htm.
Organisation for Economic Development [OECD]. (2014b). Skills beyond school. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved February 3, 2018, from http://www.oecd.org/edu/innovation-education/skillsbeyondschool.htm.
Organisation for Economic Development [OECD]. (2015a). Education at a glance 2015: OECD indicators. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved February 3, 2018, from http://www.oecd.org/education/education-at-a-glance-2015.htm.
Organisation for Economic Development [OECD]. (2015b). How is the global talent pool changing (2013 2030)?. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved February 3, 2018, from http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/how-is-the-global-talent-pool-changing-2013-2030_5js33lf9jk41-en.
Organisation for Economic Development [OECD]. (2016). Population with tertiary education. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved February 3, 2018, from https://data.oecd.org/eduatt/population-with-tertiary-education.htm.
Organisation for Economic Development [OECD]. (2017). Education at a glance 2017: OECD indicators. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved February 3, 2018, from http://www.oecd.org/education/education-at-a-glance-19991487.htm.
Peters, M. (2001). Education, enterprise culture and the entrepreneurial self: A Foucauldian perspective. Journal of Educational Enquiry, 2(2), 58–71.
Pickard, S. (2014). French youth policy in an age of austerity: Plus ça change? International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 19(sup1), 48–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2013.863732.
Pickard, S. (2016). Higher education in France: Social stratification and social reproduction. In J. E. Côté & A. Furlong (Eds.), Routledge handbook of the sociology of higher education (pp. 223–233). London & New York: Routledge.
Power, S., Brown, P., Allouch, A., & Tholen, G. (2013). Self, career and nationhood: The contrasting aspirations of British and French elite graduates. The British Journal of Sociology, 64(4), 578–596. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12048.
Purves, M. (2018, May 15). David Graeber’s new book ‘Bullshit Jobs: A Theory’ calls time on your career. Financial Review. Retrieved June 3, 2018, from http://www.afr.com/leadership/careers/david-graebers-new-book-bullshit-jobs-a-theory-calls-time-on-your-career-20180515-h1041n.
The Foundation for Young Australians [FYA]. (2015). New work order (excerpt). Melbourne: The Foundation for Young Australians (FYA). Retrieved April 9, 2016, from www.fya.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/The-New-Work-Order-infographic-1-overview1.png.
The Foundation for Young Australians [FYA]. (2017). The new work smarts: Thriving in the new work order. https://www.fya.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/FYA_TheNewWorkSmarts_July2017.pdf.
Quality Indicators for Learning and Teaching [QILT]. (2016). 2016 Graduate outcomes survey national report. Retrieved February 3, 2018, from https://www.qilt.edu.au/docs/default-source/gos-reports/2016/gos-national-report.pdf?sfvrsn=423de23c_10.
Robertson, S., & Dale, R. (2015). Towards a ‘critical cultural political economy’ account of the globalising of education. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 13(1), 149–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/1467724.2014.967502.
Smith, A., Bodell, L. P., Holm-Denoma, J., Joiner, T., Gordon, K., Perez, M., et al. (2017). “I don’t want to grow up, I’m a [Gen X, Y, Me] kid”: Increasing maturity fears across the decades. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 41(6), 655–662. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025416654302.
Snowden, C., & Lewis, S. (2015). Mixed messages: Public communication about higher education and non-traditional students in Australia. Higher Education, 70, 585–599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-014-9858-2.
Stanwick, J., Lu, T., Karmel, T., & Wibrow, B. (2013). How young people are faring 2013. Melbourne: The Foundation for Young Australians.
Sukarieh, M., & Tannock, S. (2017). The education penalty: Schooling, learning and the diminishment of wages, working conditions and worker power. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 38(3), 245–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2015.1093408.
Tholen, G. (2017a). Graduate work: Skills, credentials, careers, and labour markets. London: Oxford University Press.
Tholen, G. (2017b). The changing opportunities of professionalization for graduate occupations. Comparative Sociology, 16, 613–633. https://doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341438.
Tholen, G., Relly, S. J., Warhurst, C., & Commander, J. (2016). Higher education, graduate skills and the skills of graduates: The case of graduates as residential sales estate agents. British Educational Research Journal, 42(3), 508–523. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3222.
Thomson, P. (2013). Romancing the market: Narrativising equity in globalising times. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 34(2), 170–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2013.770245.
Tomlinson, M. (2012). Graduate employability: A review of conceptual and empirical themes. Higher Education Policy, 25, 407–431. https://doi.org/10.1057/hep.2011.26.
Tomlinson, M. (2017). Forms of graduate capital and their relationship to graduate employability. Education+Training, 59(4), 338–352. https://doi.org/10.1108/et-05-2016-0090.
Torii, K., & O’Connell, M. (2017). Preparing young people for the future of work. Mitchell Institute Policy Paper No. 01/2017. Melbourne: Mitchell Institute.
Vuolo, M., Mortimer, J. T., & Staff, J. (2016). The value of educational degrees in turbulent economic times: Evidence from the Youth Development Study. Social Science Research, 57, 233–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.12.014.
Walsh, L. (2016). Educating generation next: Young people, teachers and schooling in transition. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Woodman, D., & Wyn, J. (2015). Youth and generation: Rethinking change and inequality in the lives of young people. London: Sage.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Black, R., Walsh, L. (2019). Planning for Uncertainty: The Workforce Ahead. In: Imagining Youth Futures. Perspectives on Children and Young People, vol 9. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6760-1_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6760-1_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-6759-5
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-6760-1
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)