Abstract
On 23 January 2013, the then UK prime minister, David Cameron, announced in a speech that he would hold a referendum on EU membership if he got re-elected in the next general election. He indicated that, after 40 years, the European Union (EU) has been evolving from a common market that the UK voted to join in a direction that people did not sign up for. As a result, ‘domestic consent for the EU is wafer thin,…, and public disillusionment with the EU is at all time high’. It is then required to regain the public mandate for the UK’s EU membership (Cameron, 2013). In May 2015, the Conservative Party led by Cameron unexpectedly won the parliamentary majority, and the EU referendum became a reality. After successfully striking a deal through renegotiations with the EU on the new terms of the UK’s EU membership in February 2016, Cameron announced to hold an in/out referendum on 23 June 2016, in which‘[the British people will make] the biggest economic and political decision… in our lifetimes’ (Cameron, 2016; Cameron and Osborne, 2016).
Part of this chapter was first published by European Review, 25(4): 519–531.
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Notes
- 1.
The then US president Barack Obama, the Chinese president Xi Jin-Ping, leaders of G7, finance ministers of G20, the OECD, and the IMF all issued pleas to the UK public to vote for Bremain. See Sect. 3.1 for more details.
- 2.
According to Moore’s quantitative survey (2015), two factors explain Euroscepticism in the Parliamentary Conservative Party (PCP). One is its nationalist ideology and the other is the demography of constituencies where the level of employment and numbers of retired people were associated with Euroscepticism in the PCP.
- 3.
Thomas Raines (2016b) and Daniela Annette Kroll and Dirk Leuffen (2016: 1315–17) all argue that the demands that the Cameron government proposed to the EU were rather modest than grandstanded and the results were rather symbolic and rhetorical than substantial and exceptional as the government claimed so. However, Francisco Gomezmartos, an EU official speaking on his personal capacity, disagrees that the UK was, indeed, granted ‘special status’. He criticizes the EU has crossed the red lines and gambled on its principles. Accordingly, he views this new deal as ‘a very bad agreement’ (interviewed with the author on 9 May 2016).
- 4.
There were 6 of 21 cabinet ministers who were publicly supportive of Brexit.
- 5.
Robin Niblett (2016b: 6 & 25) refutes the anti-EU campaign’s powerful argument on ‘take back control’ as ‘a worthless proposition’, as, apart from immigration from the EU, the vast majority of policy issues of greatest concerns to UK voters were determined by the UK government and devolved administrations. In the 2014–15 financial year, the UK parliament still decided more than 98% of public spending.
- 6.
- 7.
Economic liberalism, explained by Ostry et al. (2016: 38), was established on two principles: first, the increase of competition, mainly through deregulation, liberalization, and market opening; second, the limits on ability of government to run public deficits and debt, mainly through fiscal consolidation and austerity.
- 8.
In his first statement on the May government’s annual budget, the chancellor of exchequer (2016), Philip Hammond, confirms that the government would increase the benefits of working people by raising national living wage, lowering taxes, and providing more affordable homes.
References
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Interviews with
An anonymous senior EU official at Unit of Economic Affairs and Competitiveness of the Council of the European Union on 20 July 2016 in Taipei.
Gomezmartos, Francisco, Head of the Unit of Relations with National Parliament of European Parliament on 9 May 2016 in Taipei.
Reilly, Michael, the former Representative of the British Office Taipei (2006–2009) on 30 August 2016 in Taipei.
Zielonka, Jan, Professor of European Politics at Oxford University, on 8 August 2016 in Taipei.
Replies via Emailing from
An anonymous senior EU official at Unit of European Civil Service and Social Dialogue of the European Commission received on 26 July 2016.
An anonymous senior EU official at Unit of Directorate-general Communication and Document Management of the Council of the European Union received on 28 July 2016.
Gomezmartos, Francisco, Head of the Unit of Relations with National Parliament of European Parliament received on 14 May 2016.
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IV. Media Consulted
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Luo, CM. (2020). Brexit and Its Implications for the EU and Beyond. In: The EU’s Crisis Decade. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6565-2_5
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