Abstract
The current study examines the relationship between transformational leadership and citizenship behavior as mediated by paternalism. In addition, individual-level institutional collectivism orientation is hypothesized to moderate the relationship between transformational leadership and paternalism. Two hundred and forty-six employees (123 managers/supervisors and 123 subordinates) participated in a survey conducted in eight of the top 45 high-performing firms listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The study suggests that transformational leadership is positively related to follower citizenship behavior through a pervasive cultural feature in the region, that is, paternalism. Individual-level institutional collectivism moderates the relationship between transformational leadership and paternalism, such that the relationship is stronger when institutional collectivism is higher rather than lower. Analysis of mediated moderation also indicates that institutional collectivism moderates the mediating effects of paternalism on transformational leadership–citizenship behavior linkage. Implications of the study findings for research and practice as well as future research directions are discussed at the conclusion of the paper.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adler, N. J. (2002). International dimensions of organizational behavior (4th ed.). Cincinnati: South-Western College Publishing.
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Ansari, M. A., Ahmad, Z. A., & Aafaqi, R. (2004). Organizational leadership in the Malaysian context. In D. Tjosvold & K. Leung (Eds.), Leading in high growth Asia: Managing relationship for teamwork and change (pp. 109–138). Singapore: World Scientific.
Atwater, L., Wang, M., Smither, J. W., & Fleenor, J. W. (2009). Are cultural characteristics associated with the relationship between self and other’s ratings of leadership? Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 876–886.
Avolio, B. J., Waldman, D. A., & Yammarino, F. J. (1991). Leading in the 1990’s: The four I’s of transformational leadership. Journal of European Industrial Training, 15, 9–16.
Avolio, B. J., Zhu, W., Koh, W., & Bhatia, P. (2004). Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: Mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of structural distance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 951–968.
Aycan, Z. (2005). Paternalism: Towards conceptual refinement and operationalization. In K. S. Yang, K. K. Hwang, & U. Kim (Eds.), Scientific advances in indigenous psychologies: Empirical, philosophical, and cultural contributions (pp. 445–466). London: Cambridge University Press.
Aycan, Z., Kanungo, R. N., & Sinha, J. B. P. (1999). Organizational culture and human resource management practices: The model of culture fit. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30, 501–502.
Aycan, Z., Schyns, B., Sun, J.-M., Felfe, J., & Saher, N. (2013). Convergence and divergence of paternalistic leadership: A cross-cultural investigation of prototypes. Journal of International Business Studies, 44(9), 962–969.
Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J., Jung, D. I., & Berson, Y. (2003). Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 207–218.
Billig, M., & Tajfel, H. (1973). Social categorization and similarity in intergroup behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 3, 27–52.
Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York, NY: Wiley.
Bond, M. H., Leung, K., Au, A., Tong, K.-K., Reimel de Carrasquel, S., et al. (2004). Culture-level dimensions of social axioms and their correlates across 41 cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35, 548–570.
Brislin, R. W. (1980). Translation and content analysis of oral and written materials. In H. C. Triandis & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 389–444). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Chan, S. C. H., & Mak, W.-M. (2014). The impact of servant leadership and suboridnates’ organizational tenure on trust in leader and attitudes. Personnel Review, 43, 272–287.
Chen, Z. X., & Aryee, S. (2007). Delegation and employee work outcomes: An examination of the cultural context of mediating processes in China. Academy of Management Journal, 50, 226–238.
Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31, 874–900.
DeMatteo, J. S., Eby, L. T., & Sundstom, E. (1998). Team-based rewards: Current empirical evidence and directions for future research. In B. M. Staw & R. Sutton (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 20, pp. 141–183). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Dorfman, P. W., Hanges, P. J., & Brodbeck, F. C. (2004). Leadership and cultural variation. In R. J. House, P. J. Hanges, M. Javidan, P. W. Dorfman, & V. Gupta (Eds.), Culture leadership and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies (pp. 669–722). London: Sage.
Eby, L. T., & Dobbins, G. H. (1997). Collectivistic orientation in teams: An individual and group-level analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 275–295.
Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. (1993). An introduction to the bootstrap. New York: Chapman & Hall.
Erdogan, B., & Liden, R. C. (2006). Collectivism as a moderator of responses to organizational justice: Implications for leader-member exchange and ingratiation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 1–17.
Farh, J. L., Hackett, R. D., & Liang, J. (2007). Individual-level cultural values as moderator of perceived organizational support-employee outcome relationship in China: Comparing the effects of power distance and traditionality. Academy of Management Journal, 50, 715–729.
Farh, J. L., Zhong, C.-B., & Organ, D. W. (2004). Organizational citizenship behavior in the People’s Republic of China. Organization Science, 15, 241–253.
Felfe, J., & Heinitz, K. (2010). The impact of consensus and agreement of leadership perceptions on commitment, organizational citizenship behaviour, and customer satisfaction. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 19, 279–303.
Gelfand, M. J., Erez, M., & Aycan, Z. (2007). Cross-cultural organizational behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 479–514.
George, E., Levenson, A., Finegold, D., & Chattopadhyay, P. (2010). Extra-role behaviors among temporary workers: How firms create relational wealth in the United States of America. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21, 530–550.
Gong, Y., Huang, J., & Farh, J. (2009). Employee learning orientation, transformational leadership, and employee creativity: The mediating role of employee creative self-efficacy. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 765–778.
Gupta, V., Surie, G., Javidan, M., & Chhokar, J. (2002). Southern Asia cluster: Where the old meets the new? Journal of World Business, 37, 16–27.
Hayes, A. F., & Matthes, J. (2009). Computational procedures for probing interactions in linear and logistic regression: SPSS and SAS implementations. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 924–936.
Hoffman, B. J., Blair, C. A., Meriac, J. P., & Woehr, D. J. (2007). Expanding the criterion domain? A quantitative review of the OCB literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 555–566.
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
House, R. J., & Aditya, R. N. (1997). The social scientific study of leadership: Quo vadis? Journal of Management, 23, 409–473.
House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., & Gupta, V. (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Howell, J. M., & Frost, P. J. (1989). A laboratory study of charismatic leadership. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process, 43, 243–269.
Hunter, S. T., Bedell-Avers, K. E., & Mumford, M. D. (2007). The typical leadership study: Assumptions, implications, and potential remedies. Leadership Quarterly, 18, 435–446.
ITIM International. (2017). Retrieved April 28, 2017, from https://www.geert-hofstede.com/indonesia.html.
Kacmar, K. M., Bachrach, D. G., Harris, K. J., & Zivnuska, S. (2011). Fostering good citizenship through ethical leadership: Exploring the moderating role of gender and organizational politics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 633–642.
Kagitcibasi, C. (1996). The autonomus-relational self: A new synthesis. European Psychologist, 1, 180–186.
Kelloway, E. K., Turner, N., Barling, J., & Loughlin, C. (2012). Transformational leadership and employee psychological well-being: The mediating role of employee trust in leadership. Work & Stress, 26, 39–55.
Kim, U. M. (1994). Significance of paternalism and communalism in the occupational welfare system of Korean firms: A national survey. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method and applications (pp. 251–266). London: Sage Publications.
Kirkman, B. L., Chen, G., Farh, J. L., Chen, Z. X., & Lowe, K. B. (2009). Individual power distance orientation and follower reactions to transformational leaders: A cross-level, cross-cultural examination. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 744–746.
Kirkman, B. L., & Shapiro, D. L. (2001). The impact of team members’ cultural values on productivity, cooperation, and empowerment in self-managing work teams. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 597–617.
Krjukova, I., Schalk, R., & Soeters, J. (2009). Local/foreign status, cultural background, and organizational citizenship behaviour: A study among foreign and local workers in the Netherlands. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 18, 464–476.
Lee, K., & Allen, N. J. (2002). Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviance: The role of affect and cognitions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 131–142.
LePine, J. A., Erez, A., & Johnson, D. E. (2002). The nature and dimensionality of organizational citizenship behavior: A critical review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 52–65.
LePine, J. A., Hanson, M. A., Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. (2000). Contextual performance and teamwork: Implications for staffing. In G. R. Ferris (Ed.), Research in personnel and human resources management (Vol. 19, pp. 53–90). New York, NY: Elsevier Science.
Liaw, Y.-J., Chi, N.-W., & Chuang, A. (2009). Examining the mechanisms linking transformational leadership, employee customer orientation, and service performance: The mediating roles of perceived supervisor and coworker support. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25, 477–492.
Litrico, J. B. (2007). Beyond paternalism: Cross-cultural perspectives on the functioning of a Mexican production plant. Journal of Business Ethics, 73, 53–63.
Low, P. (2006). Father leadership: The Singapore case study. Management Decision, 44(1), 89–104.
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limit for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 99–128.
Martinez, P. G. (2005). Paternalism as a positive form of leadership in the Latin American context. In M. Elvria & A. Davila (Eds.), Managing human resources in Latin America: An agenda for international leaders (pp. 75–93). Oxford, UK: Routledge Publishers.
Menard, S. (1995). Applied logistic regression analysis (Sage University Paper Series on Quantitative applications in the social sciences, 07–106). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Morrison, E. W. (1994). Role definitions and organizational citizenship behavior: The importance of the employee’s perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 1543–1567.
Offermann, L. R., & Hellmann, P. S. (1997). Culture’s consequences for leadership behavior: National values in action. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 342–351.
Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (2006). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature, antecedents, and consequences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 3–72.
Pekerti, A. A., & Sendjaya, S. (2010). Exploring servant leadership across cultures: Comparative study in Australia and Indonesia. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(5), 754–780. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585191003658920.
Pellegrini, E. K., & Scandura, T. A. (2006). Leader-member exchange (LMX), paternalism, and delegation in the Turkish business culture: An empirical investigation. Journal of International Business Studies, 37, 264–279.
Pellegrini, E. K., Scandura, T. A., & Jayaraman, V. (2010). Cross-cultural generalizability of paternalistic leadership: An expansion of leader-member exchange theory. Group & Organization Management, 35(4), 391–420. http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.library.uq.edu.au/10.1177/1059601110378456.
Picollo, R. F., & Colquitt, J. A. (2006). Transformational leadership and job behaviors: The mediating role of core job characteristics. Academy of Management Journal, 49, 327–340.
Pillai, R., & Williams, E. A. (1998). Does leadership matter in the political arena? Voter perceptions of candidates’ transformational and charismatic leadership and the 1996 U.S. Presidential vote. Leadership Quarterly, 9, 283–302.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Bommer, W. H. (1996). Transformational leadership behaviors and substitutes for leadership as determinants of employee satisfaction, commitment, trust, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Management, 22, 259–298.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method bias in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 879–903.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers’ trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Leadership Quarterly, 1, 107–142.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26, 513–563.
Podsakoff, N. P., Whiting, S. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & Blume, B. D. (2009). Individual- and organizational-level consequences of organizational citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 122–141.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling procedures for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879–891.
Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007). Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: Theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42, 185–227.
Rawat, P. S., & Lyndon, S. (2016). Effect of paternalistic leadership style on subornidate’s trust: An Indian study. Journal of Indian Business Research, 8(4), 264–277. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIBR-05-2016-0045.
Schaubroeck, J., Lam, S. S. K., & Cha, S. E. (2007). Embracing transformational leadership: Team value and the impact of leader behavior and team performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1020–1030.
Selvarajah, C., Meyer, D., Ratna, R., & Sukunesan, S. (2017). Exploring managerial leadership in Javanese (Indonesia) organisations: Engaging Asta Brata, the eight principles of Javanese statesmanship. Asia Pacific Business Review, 23(3), 373–395.
Shamir, B., House, R. J., & Arthur, M. B. (1993). The motivational effects of charismatic leadership: A self-concept theory. Organizational Science, 4, 1–17.
Shamir, B., Zakay, E., Breinin, E., & Popper, M. (1998). Correlates of charismatic leader behavior in military units: Subordinates’ attitudes, unit characteristics, and superiors’ appraisal of leader performance. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 387–409.
Shih, C.-T., & Chuang, A.-H. (2013). Individual differences, psychological contract breach, and organizational citizenship behavior: A moderated mediation study. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 30, 191–210.
Sinha, J. B. P. (1997). Indian perspectives on leadership and power in organizations. In H. S. R. Kao & D. Sinha (Eds.), Asian perspectives on psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Spreitzer, G. M., Perttula, K. H., & Xin, K. R. (2005). Traditionality matters: An examination of the effectiveness of transformational leadership in the United States and Taiwan. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 205–227.
Stevens, J. (1992). Applied multivariate statistics for social sciences. New York, NY: Erlbaum.
Sullivan, D., Mitchell, M., & Uhl-Bien, M. (2003). The new conduct of business: How LMX can help capitalize on cultural diversity. In G. Graen (Ed.), Dealing with diversity. Greewich, NT: Information Age Publishing.
Tang, C., & Naumann, S. (2015). Paternalistic leadership, subordinate perceived leader–member exchange and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Management & Organization, 21(3), 291–306. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2014.84.
Teagarden, M. B., Butler, M. C., & Von Glinow, M. A. (1992). Mexico maquilador’s industry: Where strategic human resource management makes differences. Organizational Dynamics, 20, 34–47.
Triandis, H. C. (2005). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Tsui, A. S., Nifadkar, S. S., & Ou, A. Y. (2007). Cross-national, cross-cultural organizational behavior research: Advances, gaps, and recommendations. Journal of Management, 33, 426–478.
Tung, R. L., Worm, V., & Fang, T. (2008). Sino-Western business negotiations revisited: 30 years after China’s open door policy. Organizational Dynamics, 37, 60–74.
Tyler, T. R., Lind, E. A., & Huo, Y. J. (2000). Cultural values and authority relations: The psychology of conflict resolution across cultures. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 6, 1138–1163.
Uhl-Bien, M., & Maslyn, M. (2005). Paternalism as a form of leadership: Differentiating paternalism from leader member exchange. Paper presented at the meeting of Academy of Management. Honolulu, Hawaii.
Van Dyne, L., Vandewalle, D., Kostova, T., Latham, M. E., & Cummings, S. C. (2000). Collectivism, propensity to trust and self-esteem as predictors of organizational citizenship in a non-work setting. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 3–23.
Wang, L., Hinrichs, K. T., Prieto, L., & Howell, J. P. (2013). Five dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior: Comparing antecedents and levels of engagement in China and the US. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 30, 115–147.
Wang, H., Law, K. S., Hackett, R. D., Wang, D., & Chen, Z. X. (2005). Leader-member exchange as a mediator of the relationship between transformational leadership and followers’ performance and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 420–432.
Westwood, R. (1997). Harmony and patriarchy: The cultural basis for ‘paternalistic headship’ among the overseas Chinese. Organization Studies, 18, 445–480.
Williams, J., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2008). Resampling and distribution of the product methods for testing indirect effect in complex models. Structural Equation Modeling, 15, 23–51.
Wong, Y. T., Ngo, H. Y., & Wong, C. S. (2006). Perceived organizational justice, trust, and OCB: A study of Chinese workers in joint ventures and state-owned enterprises. Journal of World Business, 41, 344–355.
Wu, C., Neubert, M. J., & Yi, X. (2007). Transformational leadership, cohesion perceptions, and employee cynicism about organizational change: The mediating role of justice perceptions. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43, 327–351.
Xie, J., Chen, Z., & Roy, J. (2006). Cultural and personality determinants of leniency in self-rating among Chinese people. Management and Organization Review, 2, 181–208.
Yukl, G. A. (1999). An evaluation of conceptual weaknesses in transformational and charismatic leadership theories. Leadership Quarterly, 10, 285–305.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Butar Butar, I.D., Sendjaya, S., Pekerti, A.A. (2019). Transformational Leadership and Follower Citizenship Behavior: The Roles of Paternalism and Institutional Collectivism. In: Sendjaya, S. (eds) Leading for High Performance in Asia. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6074-9_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6074-9_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-6073-2
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-6074-9
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)