Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Biomedical Engineering and its Applications in Healthcare pp 597–617Cite as

Physical Impairments Associated with Diseases: A Pathophysiological Approach

  • Chapter

  • 1545 Accesses

Abstract

Today with the advent of chronic illnesses, disability associated with it has found its place as a major contributor to the global burden by impacting lives in all age groups in both developed and developing nations. “Disabilities” roots lie not just in terms of restriction in physical aspects of the patient but also in the context of social, emotional, and mental state too. With an ever-growing aging population prone to disabilities, it is quintessential today to understand the etiology and progression of diseases leading to disability. This chapter aims to focus on the pathogenesis of disease that is likely to cause disability as per the medical and social models of disability.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • A. D. Association (2014) Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 37:S81–S90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adams JM, Cory S (2007) The Bcl-2 apoptotic switch in cancer development and therapy. Oncogene 26:1324

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Adelman G, Rane SG, Villa KF (2013) The cost burden of multiple sclerosis in the United States: a systematic review of the literature. J Med Econ 16:639–647

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Afkarian M, Sachs MC, Kestenbaum B, Hirsch IB, Tuttle KR, Himmelfarb J et al (2013) Kidney disease and increased mortality risk in type 2 diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2012070718

  • Ahlsiö B, Britton M, Murray V, Theorell T (1984) Disablement and quality of life after stroke. Stroke 15:886–890

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed M, Davis J, Aucoin D, Sato T, Ahuja S, Aimoto S et al (2010) Structural conversion of neurotoxic amyloid-β 1–42 oligomers to fibrils. Nat Struct Mol Biol 17:561

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Altshuler D, Hirschhorn JN, Klannemark M, Lindgren CM, Vohl M-C, Nemesh J et al (2000) The common PPARγ Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet 26:76

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alzhelmer A (1907) Uber eine eigenartige Erkrankung der Hirnrinde. Allg Z Psychiatr 64:146–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Androdias G, Reynolds R, Chanal M, Ritleng C, Confavreux C, Nataf S (2010) Meningeal T cells associate with diffuse axonal loss in multiple sclerosis spinal cords. Ann Neurol 68:465–476

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartus RT, Dean RR, Beer B, Lippa AS (1982) The cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction. Science 217:408–414

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bellenguez C, Bevan S, Gschwendtner A, Spencer CC, Burgess AI, Pirinen M et al (2012) Genome-wide association study identifies a variant in HDAC9 associated with large vessel ischemic stroke. Nat Genet 44:328

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bermel RA, Bakshi R (2006) The measurement and clinical relevance of brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 5:158–170

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhowmick NA, Neilson EG, Moses HL (2004) Stromal fibroblasts in cancer initiation and progression. Nature 432:332

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Biffi A, Sonni A, Anderson CD, Kissela B, Jagiella JM, Schmidt H et al (2010) Variants at APOE influence risk of deep and lobar intracerebral hemorrhage. Ann Neurol 68:934–943

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bjartmar C, Kidd G, Mörk S, Rudick R, Trapp BD (2000) Neurological disability correlates with spinal cord axonal loss and reduced N-acetyl aspartate in chronic multiple sclerosis patients. Ann Neurol 48:893–901

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bjartmar C, Wujek J, Trapp B (2003) Axonal loss in the pathology of MS: consequences for understanding the progressive phase of the disease. J Neurol Sci 206:165–171

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bramow S, Frischer JM, Lassmann H, Koch-Henriksen N, Lucchinetti CF, Sørensen PS et al (2010) Demyelination versus remyelination in progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain 133:2983–2998

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brenner BM, Cooper ME, De Zeeuw D, Keane WF, Mitch WE, Parving H-H et al (2001) Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:861–869

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bretón RR, Rodríguez JCG (2012) Excitotoxicity and oxidative stress in acute ischemic stroke. In: Acute ischemic stroke. InTech, Croatia

    Google Scholar 

  • Bromley-Brits K, Song W (2012) The role of TMP21 in trafficking and amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) processing in Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 9:411–424

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks G, Fahey T, Baldwin K (2005) “Exercise, disease, and disability,” exercise physiology: human bioenergetics and its applications, 4th edn. McGraw Hill: Higher Education, New York, pp 649–680

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown PO, Botstein D (1999) Exploring the new world of the genome with DNA microarrays. Nat Genet 21:33

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brownell B, Hughes JT (1962) The distribution of plaques in the cerebrum in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol, Neurosurg, Psychiatry 25:315

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruijn L, Beal M, Becher M, Schulz J, Wong P, Price D et al (1997) Elevated free nitrotyrosine levels, but not protein-bound nitrotyrosine or hydroxyl radicals, throughout amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-like disease implicate tyrosine nitration as an aberrant in vivo property of one familial ALS-linked superoxide dismutase 1 mutant. Proc Natl Acad Sci 94:7606–7611

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Burr D (2003) Subchondral bone in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Mechanical aspects. In: Osteoarthritis. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 125–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Cade WT (2008) Diabetes-related microvascular and macrovascular diseases in the physical therapy setting. Phys Ther 88:1322–1335

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Catrina AI, Joshua V, Klareskog L, Malmström V (2016) Mechanisms involved in triggering rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Rev 269:162–174

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhury PK, Deka K, Chetia D (2006) Disability associated with mental disorders. Indian J Psychiatr 48:95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng N, Chytil A, Shyr Y, Joly A, Moses HL (2008) Transforming growth factor-β signaling–deficient fibroblasts enhance hepatocyte growth factor signaling in mammary carcinoma cells to promote scattering and invasion. Mol Cancer Res 6:1521–1533

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chilelli N, Burlina S, Lapolla A (2013) AGEs, rather than hyperglycemia, are responsible for microvascular complications in diabetes: a “glycoxidation-centric” point of view. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 23:913–919

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chio A, Benzi G, Dossena M, Mutani R, Mora G (2005) Severely increased risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis among Italian professional football players. Brain 128:472–476

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Choi SR, Howell OW, Carassiti D, Magliozzi R, Gveric D, Muraro PA et al (2012) Meningeal inflammation plays a role in the pathology of primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain 135:2925–2937

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox PA, Sacks OW (2002) Cycad neurotoxins, consumption of flying foxes, and ALS-PDC disease in Guam. Neurology 58:956–959

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cross M, Smith E, Hoy D, Nolte S, Ackerman I, Fransen M et al (2014) The global burden of hip and knee osteoarthritis: estimates from the global burden of disease 2010 study. Ann Rheum Dis 73:1323–1330

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings JL, Arciniegas DB, Brooks BR, Herndon RM, Lauterbach EC, Pioro EP et al (2006) Defining and diagnosing involuntary emotional expression disorder. CNS Spectr 11:1–11

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D’Souza B, D’Souza V, Sowmya S, Seema G, Hemalatha C, Anu M et al (2008) A comparative study on oxidative stress and antioxidant status in ischemic stroke patients with and without diabetes. Indian J Clin Biochem 23:218

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dassanayaka S, Jones SP (2015) Recent developments in heart failure. Circ Res 117:e58–e63

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Davies H, Bignell GR, Cox C, Stephens P, Edkins S, Clegg S et al (2002) Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature 417:949

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dean J, Keshavan M (2017) The neurobiology of depression: an integrated view. Asian J Psychiatr 27:101–111

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dieppe PA, Lohmander LS (2005) Pathogenesis and management of pain in osteoarthritis. Lancet 365:965–973

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dirnagl U, Iadecola C, Moskowitz MA (1999) Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: an integrated view. Trends Neurosci 22:391–397

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Druet C, Tubiana-Rufi N, Chevenne D, Rigal O, Polak M, Levy-Marchal C (2006) Characterization of insulin secretion and resistance in type 2 diabetes of adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:401–404

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drummond K, Mauer M (2002) The early natural history of nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: II. Early renal structural changes in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 51:1580–1587

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Du Yan S, Chen X, Fu J, Chen M, Zhu H, Roher A et al (1996) RAGE and amyloid-β peptide neurotoxicity in Alzheimer’s disease. Nature 382:685

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Du Yan S, Zhu H, Fu J, Yan SF, Roher A, Tourtellotte WW et al (1997) Amyloid-β peptide–receptor for advanced glycation endproduct interaction elicits neuronal expression of macrophage-colony stimulating factor: a proinflammatory pathway in Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci 94:5296–5301

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Duckett L (2001) Alzheimer’s dementia: morbidity and mortality. J Insur Med (New York, NY) 33:227–234

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dyck PJ, Kratz K, Karnes J, Litchy WJ, Klein R, Pach J et al (1993) The prevalence by staged severity of various types of diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy in a population-based cohort: the Rochester Diabetic Neuropathy Study. Neurology 43:817–817

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eikelenboom P, Veerhuis R (1999) The importance of inflammatory mechanisms for the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Exp Gerontol 34:453–461

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feinstein A (2011) Multiple sclerosis and depression. Mult Scler J 17:1276–1281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Felger JC, Lotrich FE (2013) Inflammatory cytokines in depression: neurobiological mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Neuroscience 246:199–229

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fidler IJ (2003) The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis: the ‘seed and soil’ hypothesis revisited. Nat Rev Cancer 3:453

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Figueroa MS, Peters JI (2006) Congestive heart failure: diagnosis, pathophysiology, therapy, and implications for respiratory care. Respir Care 51:403–412

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer MT, Wimmer I, Höftberger R, Gerlach S, Haider L, Zrzavy T et al (2013) Disease-specific molecular events in cortical multiple sclerosis lesions. Brain 136:1799–1815

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Friedberg EC (2003) DNA damage and repair. Nature 421:436

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gabriel-Costa D (2018) The pathophysiology of myocardial infarction-induced heart failure. Pathophysiology 25(4):277–284

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallo V, Bueno-De-Mesquita HB, Vermeulen R, Andersen PM, Kyrozis A, Linseisen J et al (2009) Smoking and risk for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: analysis of the EPIC cohort. Ann Neurol 65:378–385

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerstein HC (1994) Cow’s milk exposure and type I diabetes mellitus: a critical overview of the clinical literature. Diabetes Care 17:13–19

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ginsberg H, Kimmerling G, Olefsky JM, Reaven GM (1975) Demonstration of insulin resistance in untreated adult onset diabetic subjects with fasting hyperglycemia. J Clin Investig 55:454–461

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Goering S (2015) Rethinking disability: the social model of disability and chronic disease. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 8:134–138

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Goldring SR (2008) Targeting disease: musculoskeletal conditions. Pharm Res 25(12):2878–2880

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gray E, Paula-Barbosa M, Roher A (1987) Alzheimer’s disease: paired helical filaments and cytomembranes. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 13:91–110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halban PA, Polonsky KS, Bowden DW, Hawkins MA, Ling C, Mather KJ et al (2014) β-cell failure in type 2 diabetes: postulated mechanisms and prospects for prevention and treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99:1983–1992

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hanahan D, Folkman J (1996) Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell 86:353–364

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (2011) Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 144:646–674

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy JA, Higgins GA (1992) Alzheimer’s disease: the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Science 256:184

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harre U, Georgess D, Bang H, Bozec A, Axmann R, Ossipova E et al (2012) Induction of osteoclastogenesis and bone loss by human autoantibodies against citrullinated vimentin. J Clin Investig 122:1791–1802

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Harwood CA, McDermott CJ, Shaw PJ (2009) Physical activity as an exogenous risk factor in motor neuron disease (MND): a review of the evidence. Amyotroph Lateral Scler 10:191–204

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heiland EG, Welmer A-K, Wang R, Santoni G, Fratiglioni L, Qiu C (2018) Cardiovascular risk factors and the risk of disability in older adults: variation by age and functional status. J Am Med Dir Assoc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2018.05.013

  • Hensley K, Mhatre M, Mou S, Pye QN, Stewart C, West M et al (2006) On the relation of oxidative stress to neuroinflammation: lessons learned from the G93A-SOD1 mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 8:2075–2087

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hertel JKH, Johansson S, Midthjell K, Nygård O, Njølstad PR, Molven A (2013) Type 2 diabetes genes–Present status and data from Norwegian studies. Norsk Epidemiol 23. https://doi.org/10.5324/nje.v23i1.1597

  • Hinkle JL, Guanci MM (2007) Acute ischemic stroke review. J Neurosci Nurs 39:285–293

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howell OW, Reeves CA, Nicholas R, Carassiti D, Radotra B, Gentleman SM et al (2011) Meningeal inflammation is widespread and linked to cortical pathology in multiple sclerosis. Brain 134:2755–2771

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoy D, Bain C, Williams G, March L, Brooks P, Blyth F et al (2012) A systematic review of the global prevalence of low back pain. Arthritis Rheum 64:2028–2037

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inamdar A, Inamdar A (2016) Heart failure: diagnosis, management and utilization. J Clin Med 5:62

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jones PA, Baylin SB (2002) The fundamental role of epigenetic events in cancer. Nat Rev Genet 3:415

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jugdutt BI (2010) Aging and heart failure: changing demographics and implications for therapy in the elderly. Heart Fail Rev 15:401–405

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Juhász G, Barkóczi B, Vass G, Datki Z, Hunya Á, Fülöp L et al (2010) Fibrillar Aβ 1-42 enhances NMDA receptor sensitivity via the integrin signaling pathway. J Alzheimers Dis 19:1055–1067

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jurgens CA, Toukatly MN, Fligner CL, Udayasankar J, Subramanian SL, Zraika S et al (2011) β-cell loss and β-cell apoptosis in human type 2 diabetes are related to islet amyloid deposition. Am J Pathol 178:2632–2640

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Källberg H, Ding B, Padyukov L, Bengtsson C, Rönnelid J, Klareskog L et al (2011) Smoking is a major preventable risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis: estimations of risks after various exposures to cigarette smoke. Ann Rheum Dis 70:508–511

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanyal N (2015) The science of ischemic stroke: pathophysiology & pharmacological treatment. Int J Pharma Res Rev 4:65–84

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kasarskis EJ, Lindquist JH, Coffman CJ, Grambow SC, Feussner JR, Allen KD et al (2009) Clinical aspects of ALS in Gulf War veterans. Amyotroph Lateral Scler 10:35–41

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kasarskis EJ, Mendiondo MS, Matthews DE, Mitsumoto H, Tandan R, Simmons Z et al (2014) Estimating daily energy expenditure in individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Am J Clin Nutr 99:792–803

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Khoury JC, Kleindorfer D, Alwell K, Moomaw CJ, Woo D, Adeoye O et al (2013) Diabetes mellitus: a risk factor for ischemic stroke in a large biracial population. Stroke 44:1500–1504

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kiernan MC, Vucic S, Cheah BC, Turner MR, Eisen A, Hardiman O et al (2011) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet 377:942–955

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kilarski LL, Achterberg S, Devan WJ, Traylor M, Malik R, Lindgren A et al (2014) Meta-analysis in more than 17,900 cases of ischemic stroke reveals a novel association at 12q24. 12. Neurology 83:678–685

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Klijs B, Nusselder WJ, Looman CW, Mackenbach JP (2011) Contribution of chronic disease to the burden of disability. PLoS One 6:e25325

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Knudson AG (2002) Cancer genetics. Am J Med Genet 111:96–102

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Konig MF, Abusleme L, Reinholdt J, Palmer RJ, Teles RP, Sampson K et al (2016) Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans–induced hypercitrullination links periodontal infection to autoimmunity in rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Transl Med 8:369ra176–369ra176

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Korshavn KJ, Bhunia A, Lim MH, Ramamoorthy A (2016) Amyloid-β adopts a conserved, partially folded structure upon binding to zwitterionic lipid bilayers prior to amyloid formation. Chem Commun 52:882–885

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotler SA, Walsh P, Brender JR, Ramamoorthy A (2014) Differences between amyloid-β aggregation in solution and on the membrane: insights into elucidation of the mechanistic details of Alzheimer’s disease. Chem Soc Rev 43:6692–6700

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kotler SA, Brender JR, Vivekanandan S, Suzuki Y, Yamamoto K, Monette M et al (2015) High-resolution NMR characterization of low abundance oligomers of amyloid-β without purification. Sci Rep 5:11811

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnamurthy A, Joshua V, Hensvold AH, Jin T, Sun M, Vivar N et al (2016) Identification of a novel chemokine-dependent molecular mechanism underlying rheumatoid arthritis-associated autoantibody-mediated bone loss. Ann Rheum Dis 75:721–729

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kutzelnigg A, Lucchinetti CF, Stadelmann C, Brück W, Rauschka H, Bergmann M et al (2005) Cortical demyelination and diffuse white matter injury in multiple sclerosis. Brain 128:2705–2712

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lassmann H, Brück W, Lucchinetti CF (2007) The immunopathology of multiple sclerosis: an overview. Brain Pathol 17:210–218

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lee Y, Lee S-R, Choi SS, Yeo H-G, Chang K-T, Lee HJ (2014) Therapeutically targeting neuroinflammation and microglia after acute ischemic stroke. BioMed Res Int 2014:297241

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lekander I, Willers C, Von Euler M, Lilja M, Sunnerhagen KS, Pessah-Rasmussen H et al (2017) Relationship between functional disability and costs one and two years post stroke. PloS One 12:e0174861

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Leonard BE (2001) Stress, norepinephrine and depression. J Psychiatry Neurosci: JPN 26:S11

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lindgren A (2014) Stroke genetics: a review and update. J Stroke 16:114

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lindgren P, Glader E-L, Jönsson B (2008) Utility loss and indirect costs after stroke in Sweden. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 15:230–233

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu R, Althaus JS, Ellerbrock BR, Becker DA, Gurney ME (1998) Enhanced oxygen radical production in a transgenic mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol 44:763–770

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Brown T, Carnethon M, Dai S, De Simone G et al (2010) Heart disease and stroke statistics--2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 121:e46

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenzo-Almoros A, Tunon J, Orejas M, Cortés M, Egido J, Lorenzo Ó (2017) Diagnostic approaches for diabetic cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Diabetol 16:28

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V et al (2012) Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380:2095–2128

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luengo-Fernandez R, Paul NL, Gray AM, Pendlebury ST, Bull LM, Welch SJ et al (2013) Population-based study of disability and institutionalization after transient ischemic attack and stroke: 10-year results of the Oxford Vascular Study. Stroke 44:2854–2861

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Maahs DM, West NA, Lawrence JM, Mayer-Davis EJ (2010) Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin 39:481–497

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Machado-Vieira R, Salvadore G, DiazGranados N, Ibrahim L, Latov D, Wheeler-Castillo C et al (2010) New therapeutic targets for mood disorders. Sci World J 10:713–726

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahad DH, Trapp BD, Lassmann H (2015) Pathological mechanisms in progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 14:183–193

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maher P, Davis JB (1996) The role of monoamine metabolism in oxidative glutamate toxicity. J Neurosci 16:6394–6401

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marburg O (1906) Die sogenannte akute multiple Sklerose: Рипол Классик.

    Google Scholar 

  • March L, Smith EU, Hoy DG, Cross MJ, Sanchez-Riera L, Blyth F et al (2014) Burden of disability due to musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 28:353–366

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McInnes IB, Schett G (2017) Pathogenetic insights from the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 389:2328–2337

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mehta S, Vemuganti R (2014) Mechanisms of stroke induced neuronal death: multiple therapeutic opportunities. Adv Anim Vet Sci 2:438–446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meldrum B, Garthwaite J (1990) Excitatory amino acid neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 11:379–387

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morris J (1996) Encounters with strangers: feminism and disability. Womens Press Ltd, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, Naghavi M, Flaxman AD, Michaud C et al (2012) Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380:2197–2223

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen DV, Shaw L, Grant M (2012) Inflammation in the pathogenesis of microvascular complications in diabetes. Front Endocrinol 3:170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nickerson HD, Dutta S (2012) Diabetic complications: current challenges and opportunities. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 5:375–379

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen E-MD, Hansen L, Carstensen B, Echwald SM, Drivsholm T, Glümer C et al (2003) The E23K variant of Kir6. 2 associates with impaired post-OGTT serum insulin response and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 52:573–577

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okur ME, Karantas ID, Siafaka PI (2017) Diabetes Mellitus: a review on pathophysiology, current status of oral pathophysiology, current status of oral medications and future perspectives. ACTA Pharma Sci 55:482–494

    Google Scholar 

  • Orogo AM, Gustafsson ÅB (2013) Cell death in the myocardium: my heart won’t go on. IUBMB Life 65:651–656

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Papatheodorou K, Papanas N, Banach M, Papazoglou D, Edmonds M (2016) Complications of diabetes 2016. J Diabetes Res 2016. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6989453

  • Pasinelli P, Brown RH (2006) Molecular biology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: insights from genetics. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:710

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson JW, Bö L, Mörk S, Chang A, Trapp BD (2001) Transected neurites, apoptotic neurons, and reduced inflammation in cortical multiple sclerosis lesions. Ann Neurol Off J Am Neurol Assoc Child Neurol Soc 50:389–400

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pociot F, Akolkar B, Concannon P, Erlich HA, Julier C, Morahan G et al (2010) Genetics of type 1 diabetes: what’s next? Diabetes 59:1561–1571

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Poitout V, Robertson RP (2007) Glucolipotoxicity: fuel excess and β-cell dysfunction. Endocr Rev 29:351–366

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Polyak K, Riggins GJ (2001) Gene discovery using the serial analysis of gene expression technique: implications for cancer research. J Clin Oncol 19:2948–2958

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pruessner M, Hellhammer DH, Pruessner JC, Lupien SJ (2003) Self-reported depressive symptoms and stress levels in healthy young men: associations with the cortisol response to awakening. Psychosom Med 65:92–99

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radunovic A, Annane D, Jewitt K, Mustfa N (2009) Mechanical ventilation for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CD004427

    Google Scholar 

  • Reimer KA, Jennings RB (1981) Energy metabolism in the reversible and irreversible phases of severe myocardial ischemia. Acta Med Scand 210:19–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richelson E (2001) Pharmacology of antidepressants. Mayo Clin Proc 76:511–527

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandy J (2003) Proteolytic degradation of normal and osteoarthritic cartilage matrix. Osteoarthritis 2003:82–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Scher JU, Sczesnak A, Longman RS, Segata N, Ubeda C, Bielski C et al (2013) Expansion of intestinal Prevotella copri correlates with enhanced susceptibility to arthritis. elife 2:e01202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma L (2003) Local mechanical factors in the natural history of knee osteoarthritis. Malalignment and joint laxity. Osteoarthritis 2:177–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Silvers A (1998) A fatal attraction to normalizing: treating disabilities as deviations from ôspecies-typicalõ functioning. Enhanc Hum Traits 1998:95–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Soerjomataram I, Lortet-Tieulent J, Parkin DM, Ferlay J, Mathers C, Forman D et al (2012) Global burden of cancer in 2008: a systematic analysis of disability-adjusted life-years in 12 world regions. Lancet 380:1840–1850

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stankowski JN, Gupta R (2011) Therapeutic targets for neuroprotection in acute ischemic stroke: lost in translation? Antioxid Redox Signal 14:1841–1851

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stoll G, Kleinschnitz C, Nieswandt B (2008) Molecular mechanisms of thrombus formation in ischemic stroke: novel insights and targets for treatment. Blood 112:3555–3562

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun X, Bromley-Brits K, Song W (2012) Regulation of β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 gene expression and its role in Alzheimer’s Disease. J Neurochem 120:62–70

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Supnet C, Bezprozvanny I (2010) The dysregulation of intracellular calcium in Alzheimer disease. Cell Calcium 47:183–189

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sutedja NA, Veldink JH, Fischer K, Kromhout H, Heederik D, Huisman MH et al (2009) Exposure to chemicals and metals and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review. Amyotroph Lateral Scler 10:302–309

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki Y, Brender JR, Soper MT, Krishnamoorthy J, Zhou Y, Ruotolo BT et al (2013) Resolution of oligomeric species during the aggregation of Aβ1–40 using 19F NMR. Biochemistry 52:1903–1912

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swerdlow RH, Khan SM (2004) A “mitochondrial cascade hypothesis” for sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. Med Hypotheses 63:8–20

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Talmadge JE, Fidler IJ (2010) AACR centennial series: the biology of cancer metastasis: historical perspective. Cancer Res 70:0008–5472. CAN-10-1040

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tõugu V, Tiiman A, Palumaa P (2011) Interactions of Zn (II) and Cu (II) ions with Alzheimer’s amyloid-beta peptide. Metal ion binding, contribution to fibrillization and toxicity. Metallomics 3:250–261

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Traylor M, Farrall M, Holliday EG, Sudlow C, Hopewell JC, Cheng Y-C et al (2012) Genetic risk factors for ischaemic stroke and its subtypes (the METASTROKE collaboration): a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. Lancet Neurol 11:951–962

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Van den Berg W, Van der Kraan P, Van Beuningen H (2003) Synovial mediators of cartilage damage and repair in osteoarthritis. In: Brandt KD, Doherty M, Lohmander LS (eds) Osteoarthritis, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 147–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Ventura-Clapier R, Garnier A, Veksler V, Joubert F (2011) Bioenergetics of the failing heart. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA)-Mol Cell Res 1813:1360–1372

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vinik AI, Maser RE, Mitchell BD, Freeman R (2003) Diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes Care 26:1553–1579

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vucic S, Kiernan MC (2009) Pathophysiology of neurodegeneration in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Curr Mol Med 9:255–272

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • W. H. Organization (2001) International Classification of Impairment, Disability and Handicap (ICIDH-2 beta version). WHO Website, 1999, Available at (Accessed): http://www.who.int/icidh/. Date: June, 2001

  • Weinberg R, Hanahan D (2000) The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 100:57–70

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson TL, Cleveland DW (1999) Slowing of axonal transport is a very early event in the toxicity of ALS–linked SOD1 mutants to motor neurons. Nat Neurosci 2:50

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu N, Minden SL, Hoaglin DC, Hadden L, Frankel D (2007) Quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis: data from the Sonya Slifka Longitudinal Multiple Sclerosis Study. J Health Hum Serv Adm 30:233–267

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zanetti O, Bianchetti A, Frisoni GB, Rozzini R, Trabucchi M (1993) Determinants of disability in Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatric Psychiatr 8:581–586

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeitler P (2009) Update on nonautoimmune diabetes in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:2215–2220

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

    Vignesh Kotian, Leela Mounica, Deepaneeta Sarmah, Harpreet Kaur, Geetesh Verma, Radhika Kesharwani, Pabbala Veeresh, Kiran Kalia & Pallab Bhattacharya

  2. Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India

    Anupom Borah

Authors
  1. Vignesh Kotian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Leela Mounica
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Deepaneeta Sarmah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Harpreet Kaur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Geetesh Verma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Radhika Kesharwani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Pabbala Veeresh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Anupom Borah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Kiran Kalia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Pallab Bhattacharya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pallab Bhattacharya .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India

    Sudip Paul

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kotian, V. et al. (2019). Physical Impairments Associated with Diseases: A Pathophysiological Approach. In: Paul, S. (eds) Biomedical Engineering and its Applications in Healthcare. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3705-5_24

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation