Abstract
Following the discussions on China’s legal and practical efforts on energy security in Chap. 1, this Chapter focuses on the country’s energy diplomacy. As the term suggests, energy diplomacy is a diplomacy aimed at securing a nation’s energy security. Energy is vital to how our economics and societies function. It is at the intersection of national security and economic prosperity. Since the new century, energy issues have been at the top of the global agenda for forums ranging from the United Nations to the G7 and G20. Generally speaking, countries’ efforts in bilateral and multilateral diplomacy, economic statecraft, security, and development are widely affected by energy concerns.
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Notes
- 1.
The figure has already taken improved energy efficiency and environmental awareness into account. See BP p. l. c., BP Energy Outlook (2017 Edition) 4–5, 13. Available at <https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/energy-economics/energy-outlook-2017/bp-energy-outlook-2017.pdf>.
- 2.
See Pami Aalto, “Russian Energy Diplomacy ”, in Günter Tiess, Tapan Majumder and Peter Cameron (eds), Encyclopedia of Mineral and Energy Policy (Springer, Berlin and Heidelberg, 2016), p. 1.
- 3.
Ibid.
- 4.
See Jorge Blázquez and José María Martín-Moreno, “Emerging Economies and the New Energy Security Agenda” (ARI 33/2012 – 27/4/2012), <http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/web/rielcano_en/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/Elcano_in/Zonas_in/ARI33-2012>.
- 5.
BP p. l. c., British Petroleum Statistical Review of World Energy (June 2011) 9–10, available at <https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp-country/de_de/PDFs/brochures/statistical_review_of_world_energy_full_report_2011.pdf>.
- 6.
In 1974, the US, Japan, Germany, France and the UK were the top five net importers and all of them were developed countries, while India and China ranked 13th and 48th respectively. Today, the top five net importers are the US, China, Japan, India and Germany. See ibid.
- 7.
See Blázquez and Martín-Moreno, supra note 4.
- 8.
See Sascha Müller-Kraenner, China’s and India’s Emerging Energy Foreign Policy (Discussion Paper / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik, 15/2008) 3.
- 9.
International Energy Agency (IEA ), World Energy Outlook 2004 (Paris), available at <www.iea.org>.
- 10.
See Erica S Downs, “The Chinese Energy Security Debate” 177 The China Quarterly (2004) 21–41.
- 11.
Ibid.
- 12.
See Mehdi Parvizi Amineh and Yang Guang (eds), The Globalization of Energy: China and the European Union (Brill, Leiden and Boston, 2010).
- 13.
See Zmarak Shalizi, Energy and Emissions: Local and Global Effects of the Rise of China and India (Policy Research Working Paper; No. 4209, World Bank, 2007) 117.
- 14.
See Mehmet Öğütçü and Xin Ma, “Growing links in energy and geopolitics: China, Russia, and Central Asia”, CEPMLP Internet Journal (March 2008), <http://docplayer.net/26712861-Growing-links-in-energy-and-geopolitics-china-russia-and-central-asia.html>.
- 15.
See Zhenya Liu, Electric Power and Energy in China (Wiley ebook, Singapore, 2013) Chapter 3 (3.7), available at <https://books.google.com.au/books?id=tEWdUzGt2wwC&pg=PT168&lpg=PT168&dq=which+provides+an+opportunity+for+China+to+expand+energy+cooperation&source=bl&ots=0zhDwuw_4q&sig=pvjNnUEIltGM7749Z4no5Ha0g5U&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiY-e_cr8LZAhVDwbwKHfZOAIkQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=which%20provides%20an%20opportunity%20for%20China%20to%20expand%20energy%20cooperation&f=false>.
- 16.
Editor, “Energy Diplomocy”, MBAlib, <http://www.china.com.cn/news/txt/2009-09/25/content_18599860.htm>.
- 17.
Ibid.
- 18.
Umul Awan, China’s Motivations Behind “Loan-for-Oil” Deals (unpublished Thesis for Master of Science in Energy & Earth Resources, The University of Texas at Austin, 2014) vi, available at <https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/26897>.
- 19.
Todd Woody, “Solar Firm Cracks Chinese Market” The New York Times (September 8, 2009) <https://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/08/china-signs-deal-with-first-solar/>.
- 20.
See “V. Climate Change, Energy and Environment”, U.S. – China Joint Statement, available at <http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/01/19/full-text-of-the-u-s-china-joint-statement/>.
- 21.
See China-U.S. Joint Statement on Climate Change, available at <http://www.hjenglish.com/new/p580817/>.
- 22.
See Yin Liu and Long Peng, “US-China Cooperation in Climate Change: Success, Disagreement and Strategy” 18 (2) International Forum (2016) 47.
- 23.
See Elzbieta Maria Pron, “China’s Energy Diplomacy via the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation” in Shujie Yao and Maria Jesus Herrerias Talamantes (eds), Energy Security and Sustainable Economic Growth in China (Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2014) 52–73.
- 24.
See Shaojun Zeng, Lai Yang and Kaichao Zeng, “Research on the Current Situation and Strategies of China’s Energy Diplomacy” 34 (10) Research and Approach (2012) 20.
- 25.
See David Barboza and Andrew Ross Sorkin, “Chinese Company Drops Bid to Buy U.S. Oil Concern” The New York Times (August 3, 2005), <http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/03/business/worldbusiness/chinese-company-drops-bid-to-buy-us-oil-concern.html>; See also Joshua W Casselman, “China’s Latest ‘Threat’ to the United States: The Failed CNOOC-Unocal Merger and Its Implications for Exon-Florio and CFIUS” 17 (1) Indiana International & Comparative Law Review (2007) 155–186.
- 26.
See Bo Dong, Study on the Optimization of China’s Foreign Trade Infrastructure from the Perspective of Energy (Unpublished Thesis for completion of the Master of International Trade Law, Ocean University of China, 2012) 1–9.
- 27.
See Jianbo Liu, “New Thinking on Big Country and China’s International Responsibility” Study Times (May 5, 2014), <http://www.qstheory.cn/gj/zgwj/201405/t20140505_345974.htm>.
- 28.
See Zeng, supra note 24, at 22.
- 29.
Ibid.
- 30.
Some other countries such the United States and India have all specialized energy agencies to deal with energy related issues.
- 31.
See Andrew B. Kennedy, “China’s Petroleum Predicament: Challenges and opportunities in Beijing’s search for energy security ” in Jane Golley and Ligang Song (eds), Rising China: Global Challenges and Opportunities (The Australian National University E Press, Canberra, 2011), pp. 124–126, available at <https://crawford.anu.edu.au/pdf/staff/andrew_kennedy/2012/Kennedy_Chapter_8.pdf>.
- 32.
See Xinsheng Cui, “Why Is China’s Energy Strategy So Bad?”, Hexun Web (September 9, 2014), <http://opinion.hexun.com/2014-09-09/168279089.html>; see also Ziyi Wang, Strategies and Practice of China’s Energy Diplomacy (Unpublished Thesis for completion of the Master Degree of International Relationship, Northeast Normal University, China, 2009) 22–23, available at <https://max.book118.com/html/2015/0308/13073958.shtm>.
- 33.
See Saadia Pekkanen, Asian Designs: Governance in the Contemporary World Order (Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 2016) p 136.
- 34.
See Bo Kong and Jae H. Ku, “Whither Energy Security Cooperation in Northeast Asia”, in Bo Kong and Jae H. Ku (eds), Energy Security Cooperation in Northeast Asia (Routledge, London, 2015), pp. 192–207; sea also Hisane Masaki, “Japan and China Race for African Oil” 4 (8) The Asia-Pacific Journal (2006) <https://apjjf.org/-Hisane-MASAKI/2198/article.html>.
- 35.
See Tim Boersma and Corey Johnson, U.S. Energy Diplomacy (Working Paper, Columbia SIPA, Centre on Global Energy Policy , 1 March 2018), <http://energypolicy.columbia.edu/research/report/us-energy-diplomacy>.
- 36.
Ibid.
- 37.
Ibid.
- 38.
See Almir Mustafić, “China’s One Belt, One Road and Energy Security Initiatives: A Plan to Conquer the World?” 2 (2) Inquiry (2016) 160–165; see also David Scott, “Chinese Maritime Strategy for the Indian Ocean”, CIMSEC (Center for International Maritime Security, November 28, 2017), <http://cimsec.org/chinese-maritime-strategy-indian-ocean/34771>; see also María Montosa, “China’s Energy Security Strategies – Analysis”, Eurasia Review: News & Analysis (March 4, 2018), <https://www.eurasiareview.com/22012017-chinas-energy-security-strategies-analysis/>.
- 39.
See Samir Tata, “Deconstructing China’s Energy Security Strategy”, The Diplomat (January 14, 2017), <https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/deconstructing-chinas-energy-security-strategy/>.
- 40.
See Öğütçü, supra note 14, at 7.
- 41.
See Mehmet Öğütçü and Xin Ma, “Energy and Geopolitics. China and Central Asia” (2007) 3 Kazakhstan International Business Magazine, <http://www.investkz.com/en/journals/53/428.html>.
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Wei, Y. (2019). Energy: The Top Challenge to Contemporary China. In: Issues Decisive for China’s Rise or Fall. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3699-7_2
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