Abstract
Many diseases are related to age, among these neurodegeneration is particularly important. Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s and Glaucoma have many common pathogenic events including oxidative damage, Mitochondrial dysfunction, endothelial alterations and changes in the visual field. These are well known in the case of glaucoma, less in the case of neurodegeneration of the brain. Many other molecular aspects are common, such as the role of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy and neuronal apoptosis while others have been neglected due to lack of space such as inflammatory cytokine or miRNA. Moreover, the loss of specific neuronal populations, the induction of similar mechanisms of cell injury and the deposition of protein aggregates in specific anatomical areas are very similar events between these diseases. Intracellular and/or extracellular accumulation of protein aggregates is a key feature of many neurodegenerative disorders. The existence of abnormal protein aggregates has been documented in the RGCs of glaucomatous patients such as the anomalous Tau protein or the β-amyloid accumulations. Intra-cell catabolic processes also appear to be common in both glaucoma and neurodegeneration. They also help us to understand how the basis between these diseases is common and how the visual aspects can be a serious problem for those who are affected.
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Abbreviations
- AC:
-
Anterior chamber
- AD:
-
Alzheimer’s disease
- AF:
-
Actin microfilaments
- AH:
-
Aqueous humour
- AMD:
-
Age related macular degeneration
- ECM:
-
Extracellular matrix
- ER:
-
Endoplasmic reticulum
- GSH:
-
Glutathione
- IF:
-
Intermediate filaments
- JCT:
-
Juxtacanalicular connective tissue
- MT:
-
Microtubules
- mtDNA:
-
Mitochondrial DNA
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- ONH:
-
Optic nerve head
- PD:
-
Parkinson’s disease
- PKC:
-
Protein kinases
- POAG:
-
Primary open-angle glaucoma
- RGCs:
-
Retinal ganglion cells
- RNFL:
-
Retinal nerve fibre layer
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SC:
-
Schlemm’s canal
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- TM:
-
Trabecular meshwork
- UPR:
-
Unfolded protein response
- UV:
-
Ultraviolet rays
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The authors would like to thank Dr. Carmen Laethem for allowing us to publish her beautiful photograph of TM endothelial cells (Fig. 14.4).
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Saccà, S.C., Cutolo, C.A., Rossi, T. (2019). Visual Defects and Ageing. In: Harris, J., Korolchuk, V. (eds) Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Ageing: Part II Clinical Science. Subcellular Biochemistry, vol 91. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3681-2_14
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