Abstract
Whiteness is an important property to characterize the surface color. A lot of whiteness formulas are used to characterize the whiteness of the materials. However, the performance of these formulas for paper samples is unknown. In this paper, 38 paper samples [27 fluorescent whitening agents (FWA) samples and 11 non-FWA] were evaluated under 6 light sources, including 3 levels of CCT (3000, 5000 and 6500 K) and 2 levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation (with UV and without UV), by 12 observers (6 males and 6 females) with normal color vision. And 7 whiteness formulas were used to evaluate the accuracy of whiteness formulas in predicting the whiteness of paper samples using STRESS factor. The results suggest that WCIE and WUchida can predict the whiteness of paper samples more accurately.
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Acknowledgements
This research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 61675029, 61308081).
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the school of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed Consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
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Guo, C., Zuo, X., Liu, Y., He, R., Xi, Y., Huang, M. (2019). The Performance of Different Whiteness Formulas for White Papers. In: Zhao, P., Ouyang, Y., Xu, M., Yang, L., Ren, Y. (eds) Advances in Graphic Communication, Printing and Packaging. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol 543. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3663-8_15
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3663-8_15
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