Abstract
Sino-Latin American relations, which used to develop in an incremental and stable manner, have been developing in great leaps, following a comprehensive, multi-level and multi-channel development model which includes both governments and non-governmental sectors. This book upholds such a development model as the basis for Sino-Latin American relations since the PRC was established 60 years ago. Latin America will play an irreplaceable role in China’s future economic development, making urgent the strategic analysis of economic matters in Sino-Latin American relations. This is also in line with the principles proposed by General Secretary Hu Jintao concerning the close relation of diplomatic work with national development. Hu Jintao said that we should rely on, serve and promote development so as to safeguard national interests in the pursuit of an open-door policy. The Taiwan issue is still considered one of China’s key interests in Latin America, but as it is complex and cannot be solved in the short term, it has gradually become a matter of conventional interest. At the same time, development interests are becoming increasingly important in bilateral relations. Latin America is China’s major supplier of industrial materials, and is gradually becoming an alternative source for energy and a strategic place for the overseas operations of Chinese companies. Latin America prioritizes economic and trade cooperation with China and deems China a strategic partner for the diversification of foreign economic and trade relations. Therefore, these development interests are in line with the bilateral logic that constitutes the common strategy between China and Latin America, thus laying a solid foundation for their common development.
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Notes
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Presidents of Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Guyana, and other countries, and Prime Ministers of Peru, Barbados, Antigua and Barbuda, Trinidad and Tobago, Belize, etc., visited China. Quoted from Hong Yuyi (1996: 507–508) (editor), A Sketch of the History of Relations with Latin America, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
- 23.
On October 1st 1985, Grenada established diplomatic ties with China, and on August 7th 1989 terminated the ties, but later, on January 20th 2005, resumed diplomatic relations with China; Nicaragua, on December 7th 1985, established diplomatic ties with China, and on November 9th 1990 terminated the ties; Belize on February 6th 1987 established diplomatic ties with China, and on October 23rd 1989 terminated the ties. Quoted from Xu Shicheng (2006: 242), Latin American Politics, Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.
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Source: UNCTAD, “the online Handbook of Statistics”.
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Dialogue between President Jiang Zemin and President Castro (November 30th, 1995), People’s Daily, first edition, December 1st, 1995.
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Saint Lucia established the diplomatic tie with China on September 1, 1997, and then suspended it on May 5, 2007, Xinhua Net, on May 6, 2007, http://news3.xinhuanet.com/mrdx/2007-05/06/content_6062975.htm.
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Sources: UNCTAD, “UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics”.
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Su, Zhenxing (2009: 9), Latin America in 2009: China’s New Opportunities in Going Global, as in 2008–2009 Development Report of Latin America and the Caribbeans edited by Su Zhenxing. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press.
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Hu Jintao, Join Hands in Creating a Friendly Future for China and Latin America: a Speech Delivered at the National Congress of Brazil on November 12th, 2004, publicized on the first page of People’s Daily on October 14th, 2004.
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China’s Policy toward Latin America and the Caribbeans, www.news.cn, on November 5th, 2008, http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-11/05/content_10308177_1.htm.
- 33.
Hu Jintao, Jointly Build Cooperative Partnership at All Fronts between China and Latin America in the New Era: A Speech Delivered at the National Congress of Peru on November 20th, 2008, publicized on Page 3 of People’s Daily on November 22nd, 2008.
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- 36.
Hu Jintao’s Field Tour to China-Brazil Cooperative Aeronautic and Aviation Project on November 15th, 2004, publized on the first page of People’s Daily on November 16th, 2004.
- 37.
See Footnote 32.
- 38.
Javier Santiso, translated by Wang Peng, The Visible Hand of China in Latin America, Beijing, World Affairs Press, 2009, p. 4.
- 39.
Statistics of import and export from the website of Ministry of Commerce of China: http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/tongjiziliao/tongjiziliao.html.
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On Reforms of International Currency System, Zhou Xiaochuan, Official Website of People’s Bank of the People’s Republic of China, on March 23rd, 2009, http://www.pbc.gov.cn/detail_frame.asp?col=4200&id=279&keyword=&isFromDetail=1.
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Brazil thinks China’s Proposal concerning International Reserve Currency is “Effective and Proper”, by www.news.cn on March 27th, 2009, http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2009-03/27/content_11081349.htm.
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ECLAC, Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean 2008–2009. Chile: Santiago, July 2009, p. 51.
- 46.
Statistics for the year 2003–2007 is quoted from the central government website: http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2008-02/19/content_893773.htm; statistics for 2008 is quoted from the Report on National Economy and Social Development in 2008: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/ndtjgb/qgndtjgb/t20090226_402540710.htm.
- 47.
Data for 2008 are based on the website news from Ministry of Commerce; data for 2007 on UNCOMTRADE.
- 48.
Based on the Ministry of Commerce investment statistics. People in this industry hold disputes these data, thinking round-tripping may exist.
- 49.
Based on the website, news and statistics of Ministry of Commerce.
- 50.
See Footnote 49.
- 51.
Based on DRCNet’s foreign trade statistics.
- 52.
Based on UNCOMTRADE’s data.
- 53.
This prediction is based on previous China’s import from Latin America. Supposing China’s GDP growth rate IS 7.2% in 2020 with no energy-reserving technology progress, and there is no large adjustment in Latin America’s export policies. The statistics of mineral products does not include oil.
- 54.
Li Yining, Lin Yifu, Fan Gang, Hai Wen, Sheng Hong and other economists think China’s high economic growth can be maintained; Zeng Peiyan, Hu Angang, WANG Xiaolu, Zhang Zhuoyuan, Chen Dongqi and other economists predict that China’s economic growth rate will exceed 7% by 2020.
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Yang Shangming, China Depends More and More on Imported Oil, International Business Daily, 2009 June 22. 2nd edition.
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China has signed 6 loan-for-oil contracts, Longzhong Shihua Commerce Net, 2009 July 15th. http://www.oilchem.net/news/1_1_179663.html.China signed loan-for-oil agreement with Russia, Brazil, Venezuela, Ecuador, Angola and Kazakhsta. The agreement prices are 25 billion US dollars, 10 billion US dollars, 8 US billion dollars, 1 billion US dollars, 1 billion US dollars and 5 billion US dollars.
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- 59.
- 60.
- 61.
- 62.
Javer Santiso.China’s visible hands in Latin America, Beijing, World Affairs Press, 2009, p. 3.
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See Footnote 62.
- 64.
Economic and Trade Relations between Latin America and Asia-Pacific. The Link with China. Chile: Santiago, October 2008, pp. 27–29.
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Data source: ECLAC, Economic and Trade Relations between Latin America and Asia-Pacific. The Link with China. Chile: Santiago, October 2008, p. 27.
- 66.
- 67.
- 68.
Hu Jintao: Jointly Building a Comprehensive Partnership with Latin America in the New Time—a Speech in Peru’s Congress (20 November, 2008), the third edition of People’s Daily, 22 November, 2008.
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The Eleventh Conference of Ambassadors held in Beijing, the first edition of People’s Daily, 21 July, 2009.
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Hu Jintao: Jointly Building a Comprehensive Partnership with Latin America in the New Time—a Speech in Peru’s Congress (20 November, 2008), the third edition of People’s Daily, 22 November, 2008.
- 71.
Oil, iron, manganese, uranium, bauxite, antimony, tin, lead, nickel and gold (10 minerals) will be in shortage; Copper, zinc, chromium, cobalt, platinum group elements, strontium, boron and potassium, diamond (9 minerals) will be in serious shortage.
- 72.
Data come from USGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/). The 19 minerals are abundant in Africa except zinc, potassium and boron and in Australia except oil, platinum group elements, boron, antimony and potassium and diamond.
- 73.
Rio Tinto, BHP Billiton and Vale together have a share of over 70% of global iron ore market. 50% of iron ore in BHP Billiton, 50% in Rio Tinto and 30% in Vale are exported to China.
- 74.
The Eleventh Conference of Diplomatic Envoys held in Beijing, the first edition of People’s Daily, 21 July, 2009.
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Wang Shiling: Job Security System is to be Improved at a Faster Pace with 25 Million Migrant Workers Do without Job, in the fifth edition of 21 Century Economy Report, dated 3 February, 2009.
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Brazilian Government Help Exporting Companies Out, Xinhua Net, 22 June, 2009. http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune//2009-06/22/content_11581157.htm.
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China’s Demand Helps Boost Brazil’s Vale Export Income for the First Six Months, 29 July, 2009, http://br.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/jmxw/200907/20090706425730.html.
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ENR website: http://enr.construction.com/people/toplists.
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How Japanese Financial Groups Deal with the Negotiation of Iron Ore, China Youth Online—China Youth Daily, July 24, 2009. http://zqb.cyol.com/content/2009-07/24/content_2771521.htm.
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Brazil: The New Major Oil Country, contained in The South of China Today, November 24, 2008, the 18th edition.
- 81.
Agreement on Heavy Oil Recovery and Refinement is signed by CNPC and Venezuela, Xinhua Net, May 13, 2008. http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-05/13/content_8162051.htm.
- 82.
Data Resource: online news and statistic data from China’s Ministry of Commerce.
- 83.
This paper estimates Balassa Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) with the UNCOMTRADE data, concluding the comparison of competitiveness in comprehensive state power and industry between China and Latin America.
- 84.
The Eleventh Conference for Diplomatic Envoys was held in Beijing, People’s Daily, July 21, 2009, the first edition.
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Xu Shicheng: The features, historical relations and mutual influence between cultures of China and Latin America, Study of Latin America, 2006(5), p. 53.
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Hu Jintao: Work together to create a new prospect for China-Latin America ties—Speech in National Congress of Brazil, November 12, 2004, People’s Daily, November 14, 2004, p. 1.
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Zheng Bingwen: “The Bankruptcy of the Neocolonialism Argument,” China Securities Journal, March 31, 2008, A11.
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See Footnote 84.
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Zheng, B., Sun, H., Yue, Y. (2019). Sixty Years of Sino-Latin American Relations: Review and Reflection. In: Chai, Y., Yue, Y. (eds) Sino-Latin American Economic and Trade Relations . Research Series on the Chinese Dream and China’s Development Path. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3405-4_1
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