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Advances in Solar Energy Research pp 75–127Cite as

Advances in Solar Energy: Solar Cells and Their Applications

Part of the Energy, Environment, and Sustainability book series (ENENSU)

Abstract

This chapter will focus on the recent advances on the traditional and modern solar cell technologies, notably, (a) silicon solar cells, (b) multi-junction solar cells, (c) perovskite solar cells, and (d) dye-sensitized solar cells. Research efforts focused on improvement of the stability and the efficiency of each type of cells will be mentioned. While the current industrial market is predominantly dominated by silicon solar cells, other photovoltaic cells (b–d) show immense promise to overtake the silicon PV market in near future. The most efficient silicon solar cell reported reaches an efficiency of over 26%. This efficiency was achieved by fabricating a cell with an interdigitated back contact, combining n-type and p-type amorphous silicon to collect both holes and electrons. The back contact is separated from the front contact by crystalline silicon, with the front contact covered by an amorphous silicon passivation layer and an antireflective coating. A close competitor of silicon solar cells, known as multi-junction solar cells, displays power conversion efficiency as high as 46% using a solar concentrator. However, due to difficulty in cell fabrication with elevated cost, application of this type of cell is mostly limited to extraterrestrial purposes. A low-cost alternative of multi-junction cell is a perovskite solar cell. The best efficient perovskite solar cell with a power conversion efficiency of 23.9% was achieved by using a complex semitransparent organic–inorganic perovskite material with a high bandgap absorber, Cs0.1(H2NCHNH2)0.9PbI2.865Br0.135 combined with a low bandgap absorber, c-Si, for the back contact. While the perovskite solar cells are promising candidates as low-cost substitute to silicon solar cells, stability remains an issue for the former. On the other hand, dye-sensitized solar cells are cost-effective and chemically stable, with a best reported efficiency of 13% using a panchromatic donor–π–acceptor-based designed SM315 as an organic sensitizer; power conversion efficiency of this type of cell is still to be improved to overtake the silicon PV market.

Keywords

  • Renewable energy
  • Photovoltaic or solar cells
  • Power conversion efficiency

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Fig. 4.1

Figure courtesy—National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), July 2018, Colorado, USA

Fig. 4.2

Reprinted with permission from Blakers et al. (1989). Copyright (1989) AIP Publishing

Fig. 4.3
Fig. 4.4

Reprinted with permission from Green (2000). Copyright (2000) Elsevier

Fig. 4.5

Reprinted with permission from Green (2000). Copyright (2000) Elsevier

Fig. 4.6

Figure courtesy, Ncouniot—Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, January 2010, CC BY-SA 3.0

Fig. 4.7

Reprinted with permission from Takamoto et al. (1997). Copyright (1994) AIP Publishing

Fig. 4.8

Photo courtesy: Schlaich Bergermann and Partner

Fig. 4.9
Fig. 4.10
Fig. 4.11

Reprinted with permission from Kojima et al. (2009). Copyright (2009) American Chemical Society

Fig. 4.12

Reprinted with permission from Bailie et al. (2015). Copyright (2015) Royal Society of Chemistry

Fig. 4.13
Fig. 4.14
Fig. 4.15

Reprinted with permission from Wu et al. (2015). Copyright (2009) American Chemical Society

Chart 4.1
Chart 4.2

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Acknowledgements

AKP and HCP gratefully acknowledge the financial support from University of St Andrews. AKP also thanks the Leverhulme Trust for an Early Career Fellowship (ECF-2017-326) and ScotCHEM for a short-term Postgraduate and Early Career Researcher Exchange (PECRE) fellowship.

Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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  1. Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK

    Amlan K. Pal & Hannah C. Potter

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  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India

    Dr. Himanshu Tyagi

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Prof. Dr. Avinash Kumar Agarwal

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

    Dr. Prodyut R. Chakraborty

  4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India

    Satvasheel Powar

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Pal, A.K., Potter, H.C. (2019). Advances in Solar Energy: Solar Cells and Their Applications. In: Tyagi, H., Agarwal, A., Chakraborty, P., Powar, S. (eds) Advances in Solar Energy Research. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3302-6_4

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