Abstract
Numerical modelling of soot in diesel engines has evolved over four decades from simple empirical correlations to complex aerosol dynamics and detailed kinetics. These modelling approaches assist in cost-effective diesel engine combustion chamber design to meet the requisite emission legislations. This chapter presents a brief overview on modelling soot in diesel engines. The chapter starts with a description of the physical and chemical processes involved in soot formation, namely gas phase kinetics, nucleation, surface reactions, and coagulation. A brief literature review of the existing modelling techniques for soot formation in diesel engines till date has been presented. The models have been categorized as empirical, phenomenological, and statistical depending on the details of physics and chemistry represented by the models. The uncertainties and the model constants involved in most of these models and the possible effect on resulting soot have been discussed briefly. Considering the inclusion of control on soot particle number in the recent emission legislations, special emphasis has been given to soot models accounting for particle size and number predictions. Some models, both empirical and detailed, have been applied to closed cycle 3D CFD combustion simulations by the authors. The results are compared against published experimental data for crank angle history of soot at varying operating conditions. As part of the detailed soot models, soot particle dynamics has been modeled and coupled with gas phase kinetics. Simulated results have been compared against experimental data for soot particle size distribution at the exhaust of a diesel engine.
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Acknowledgements
The authors have benefited from the support provided from Cummins Inc. especially from Dr. Sujith Sukumaran, combustion research, Cummins Inc.; Dr. Anuradda Ganesh, director, research, innovation, and compliance, Cummins India Limited and Dr. John Deur, director, combustion research, Cummins Inc. The authors would like to thank Elsevier (Fig. 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 14 and 15 in the chapter) and Taylor and Francis Ltd. (Figure 13 in the chapter) for providing permissions to use figures. The authors are grateful to Dr. Feng Tao, combustion research, Cummins Inc. for providing his nine-step phenomenological soot model figure (Fig. 11 in this chapter). The authors are also thankful to Dr. Mengqin Shen and Prof. Martin Tuner, Department of Energy Sciences, Lund University and Dr. Yizhou Zhang, Prof. Jaal Ghandhi and Prof. David Rothamer, direct-injection engine research consortium, university of Wisconsin for sharing experimental data.
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Duvvuri, P.P., Shrivastava, R.K., Sreedhara, S. (2019). Numerical Modelling of Soot in Diesel Engines. In: Agarwal, A., Dhar, A., Sharma, N., Shukla, P. (eds) Engine Exhaust Particulates. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3299-9_5
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