Abstract
Experiments were conducted to evaluate the hydraulic conductivity of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) to bauxite liquor from aluminum refining. Tests were conducted with a GCL containing conventional sodium-bentonite (Na-B) and one GCLs containing a bentonite-polymer composite. B-P has polymer loading of 6.8%. Hydraulic conductivity tests were conducted on the GCLs with bauxite liquor in flexible-wall permeameters following procedures in ASTM D6766. The bauxite liquor used in the experiments has pH 13 and ionic strength = 700 mM. Hydraulic conductivity of the Na-B GCL increased to approximately 10−7 m/s during permeation, whereas the B-P GCL maintained low hydraulic conductivity (~ 4.3 × 10−12 m/s). Suppression of bentonite swelling by the bauxite liquor is the primary factor responsible for the higher hydraulic conductivity of the Na-B GCL. Low hydraulic conductivity of the B-P GCL to bauxite liquor is attributed to polymer clogging intergranular pores controlling flow of bauxite liquor through the GCL. The findings indicate that B-P GCLs with sufficient polymer loading can be used effectively in composite liners for disposal facilities containing bauxite liquor.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
ASTM D5890 (2011) Standard Test Method for Swell Index of Clay Mineral Component of Geosynthetic Clay Liners, ASTM International, West Con- shohocken, PA
ASTM D6766 (2012) Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Hydraulic Properties of Geosynthetic Clay Liners Permeated with Potentially Incompatible Aqueous Solutions, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA
ASTM D7348 (2013) Standard Test Methods for Loss on Ignition (LOI) of Solid Combustion Residues, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA
Benson C, Oren A, Gates W (2010) Hydraulic conductivity of two geosynthetic clay liners permeated with a hyperalkaline solution. Geotext Geomembr 28(2):206–218
Bradshaw S, Benson C (2014) Effect of municipal solid waste leachate on hydraulic conductivity and exchange complex of geosynthetic clay liners. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 140(4):04013038
De Camillis M, Di Emidio G, Bezuijen A, Verastegui-Flores RD (2016) Hydraulic conductivity and swelling ability of a polymer modified bentonite subjected to wet-dry cycles in seawater. Geotext Geomembr 44(5):739–747
Jo H, Katsumi T, Benson C, Edil T (2001) Hydraulic conductivity and swelling of non-prehydrated GCLs permeated with single species salt solutions. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 127(7):557–567
Jo H, Benson C, Lee J, Shackelford C, Edil T (2005) Long-term hydraulic conductivity of a non-prehydrated geosynthetic clay liner permeated with inorganic salt solutions. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 131(4):405–417
Katsumi T, Ishimori H, Onikata M, Fukagawa R (2008) Long-term barrier performance of modified bentonite materials against sodium and calcium permeant solutions. Geotext Geomembr 26(1):14–30
Kolstad D, Benson C, Edil T (2004) Hydraulic conductivity and swell of nonprehydrated GCLs permeated with multispecies inorganic solutions. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 130(12):1236–1249
Salihoglu H, Chen J, Likos W, Benson C (2016) Hydraulic conductivity of bentonite-polymer geosynthetic clay liners in coal combustion product leachates. In: Proceeding of Geo-Chicago, Chicago, pp 438–447
Shackelford C, Benson C, Katsumi T, Edil T, Lin L (2000) Evaluating the hydraulic conductivity of GCLs permeated with non-standard liquids. Geotext Geomembr 18:133–161
Shackelford C, Sevick G, Eykholt G (2010) Hydraulic conductivity of geosynthetic clay liners to tailings impoundment solutions. Geotext Geomembr 28(2):206–218
Scalia J, Benson C, Bohnhoff G, Edil T, Shackelford C (2014) Long-term hydraulic conductivity of a bentonite-polymer composite permeated with aggressive inorganic solutions. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 140(3):04013025
Tian K, Benson C (2015) Effect of low-level radioactive waste leachate on hydraulic conductivity of a geosynthetic clay liner. Geosynthetics 2015, IFAI, St. Paul, MN, pp 236–244
Tian K, Benson C, Likos W (2016) Hydraulic conductivity of geosynthetic clay liners to low-level radioactive waste leachate. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 142(8):04016037
Tian K, Benson C, Likos W (2017) Effect of anion ratio on hydraulic conductivity of a bentonite-polymer geosynthetic clay liner. In: Proceeding of geotechnical frontiers 2017, ASCE, Orlando, FL. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784480434.018
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Tian, K., Benson, C.H. (2019). Containing Bauxite Liquor Using Bentonite-Polymer Composite Geosynthetic Clay Liners. In: Zhan, L., Chen, Y., Bouazza, A. (eds) Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics Volume 2. ICEG 2018. Environmental Science and Engineering(). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2224-2_83
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2224-2_83
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-2223-5
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-2224-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)