Abstract
This chapter considers the role of patent law in respect of geoengineering. Intellectual Ventures has developed a large portfolio of patents in this area. A number of other private and public entities have also filed patents in the field of geoengineering. In light of the recent precedents of the Supreme Court of the United States in respect of Bilski, Prometheus, Myriad, and Alice, it is worth exploring the question, Should patents on geoengineering be allowed? Defenders of geoengineering would maintain that such technology is legitimate, much like traditional forms of engineering. Critics, such as the ETC Group, have called for a ban on patents in respect of geoengineering. There have been fierce debates over the ethics of geoengineering. Philosophers and policy-makers such as Stephen Gardiner, Clive Hamilton, Bill McKibben, Al Gore, and Naomi Klein have argued over the merits over such technologies. It is useful to situate such a discussion in the context of previous debates over intellectual property and emerging technologies—such as biotechnology, nanotechnology, synthetic biology, and clean technologies. Moreover, this chapter explores the potential for patent thickets in respect of geoengineering. What will be the impact of such patents on research, clean technologies, the environment, the climate? There has also been much concern about the possibility of overzealous enforcement of patents in respect of geoengineering. As such, it is worthwhile considering what policy options for patent abuse will be useful or effective in this field. There is a larger international debate over the governance and regulation of geoengineering—particularly in light of the Paris Agreement 2015.
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Notes
- 1.
Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat (2012, p. 8).
- 2.
Ibid.
- 3.
Ibid.
- 4.
Hunter (2016, pp. 11–32).
- 5.
Parthasarathy et al. (2010, p. 4).
- 6.
- 7.
‘It is appropriate that we spend money on solar geoengineering research,’ said Kevin Anderson, the deputy director of the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. ‘But we also have to aim for 2C with climate mitigation and act as though geoengineering doesn’t work, because it probably won’t.’: Neslen (2017).
- 8.
Chavez (2015).
- 9.
- 10.
Sindico (2016).
- 11.
Rimmer (2011a, p. 400).
- 12.
Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, opened for signature 12 December 2015 (entered into force 4 November 2016) (in UNFCCC, Report of the Conference of the Parties on its Twenty-First Session, Addendum, UN Doc FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1, 29 Jan 2016).
- 13.
Oldham et al. (2014), 20140065.
- 14.
Ibid.
- 15.
Ibid.
- 16.
Ibid.
- 17.
Ibid.
- 18.
Cressey (2012).
- 19.
Ibid.
- 20.
Ibid.
- 21.
Ibid.
- 22.
Ibid.
- 23.
Ibid.
- 24.
Ibid.
- 25.
Ibid.
- 26.
Ibid.
- 27.
Ibid.
- 28.
Black (2012).
- 29.
Ibid.
- 30.
Ibid.
- 31.
Ibid.
- 32.
Ibid.
- 33.
Hale (2012).
- 34.
Ibid.
- 35.
Ibid.
- 36.
Funk (2014, p. 265).
- 37.
Intellectual Ventures, http://www.intellectualventures.com/about/.
- 38.
Intellectual Ventures, http://intellectualventureslab.com/?p=338.
- 39.
Intellectual Ventures (2009).
- 40.
Ibid.
- 41.
Ibid.
- 42.
Ibid.
- 43.
Ibid.
- 44.
Ibid.
- 45.
Ibid.
- 46.
Ibid.
- 47.
United States Patent and Trademark Office, Patents for Humanity, https://www.uspto.gov/patent/initiatives/patents-humanity
- 48.
Funk (2014, p. 265).
- 49.
Ibid., p. 261.
- 50.
Ibid., p. 262.
- 51.
Ibid., p. 262.
- 52.
Ibid., p. 262.
- 53.
This American Life (2011).
- 54.
Ibid.
- 55.
Hegarty (2012).
- 56.
Rooksby (2016).
- 57.
Mullin (2014).
- 58.
Intellectual Ventures 1 LLC. v. Capital One Financial Corporation (2014), United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Civil Action No. 1:12-cv-00740 (AJT/TRJ). http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Trenga.MSJ_opinion.pdf.
- 59.
Ibid.
- 60.
Ibid.
- 61.
- 62.
Vance (2014).
- 63.
Ibid.
- 64.
Ibid.
- 65.
Intellectual Ventures, Legal Updates. http://www.intellectualventures.com/news/legal-updates/P10 Accessed 1 May 2018.
- 66.
Intellectual Ventures (2015a).
- 67.
Intellectual Ventures (2015b).
- 68.
- 69.
Intellectual Ventures I LLC v. Eric Indemnity Company 2017 WL 5041460 (2017).
- 70.
Hamilton (2013, p. 75).
- 71.
Ibid., p. 75.
- 72.
Ibid.
- 73.
Ng (2010).
- 74.
- 75.
Parthasarathy (2017, p. 7).
- 76.
Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc., 132 S. Ct. 1289 (2012).
- 77.
Bilski v. Kappos, 130 S. Ct. 3218 (2010).
- 78.
Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., 133 S. Ct. 2107 (2013).
- 79.
Alice Corp. Pty. Ltd. v. CLS Bank International, 134 S. Ct 2347 (2014).
- 80.
- 81.
Meat & Livestock Australia Limited v. Cargill, Inc. (2018) FCA 51.
- 82.
Sun Pharmaceutical Industries (Australia) Pty Ltd v Tasmanian Alkaloids Pty Ltd. (2018) APO 7 (31 January 2018).
- 83.
Harvard College v. Canada (Commissioner of Patents) (2002) 4 S.C.R. 45, 2002 SCC 76.
- 84.
Monsanto Canada Inc. v. Schmeiser (2004) 1 S.C.R. 902, 2004 SCC 34.
- 85.
Bently and Sherman (2014, p. 517).
- 86.
Goodell (2010).
- 87.
Ibid., p. 200.
- 88.
Ibid., p. 200.
- 89.
Ibid., p. 200.
- 90.
Kintisch (2010, p. 17).
- 91.
Ibid., p. 17.
- 92.
Ibid., p. 242.
- 93.
Ibid., p. 243.
- 94.
Ibid., p. 243.
- 95.
Dyer (2010, p. 230).
- 96.
Ibid., p. 230.
- 97.
Ibid., p. 231.
- 98.
Hamilton (2013).
- 99.
Ibid., p. 75.
- 100.
Ibid., p. 79.
- 101.
Ibid., pp. 79–80.
- 102.
Ibid., p. 80.
- 103.
Davies (2013).
- 104.
Ibid.
- 105.
Ibid.
- 106.
Ibid.
- 107.
Ibid.
- 108.
Gardiner (2011).
- 109.
Ibid., p. 341.
- 110.
Ibid., p. 354.
- 111.
Ibid., p. 378.
- 112.
- 113.
Ibid.
- 114.
Giddens (2009, p. 136).
- 115.
Mulkern and ClimateWire (2012).
- 116.
Ibid.
- 117.
Ibid.
- 118.
Ibid.
- 119.
Ibid.
- 120.
Hickman (2011).
- 121.
Forum for Climate Engineering Assessment (2013).
- 122.
Ibid.
- 123.
Ibid.
- 124.
McKibben (2013).
- 125.
Klein (2012).
- 126.
Ibid.
- 127.
Ibid.
- 128.
Ibid.
- 129.
Ibid.
- 130.
Klein (2014).
- 131.
Ibid., p. 280.
- 132.
Ibid., p. 289.
- 133.
Warner (1994).
- 134.
Wollstonecraft Shelley (1818).
- 135.
Klein (2014, p. 290).
- 136.
Lewis and Klein (2015).
- 137.
Gore (2013).
- 138.
Ibid, p. 355.
- 139.
Ibid, p. 356.
- 140.
Ibid, p. 357.
- 141.
Guzman (2013).
- 142.
Ibid., p. 221.
- 143.
Ibid., p. 221.
- 144.
Ibid., p. 221.
- 145.
Ibid., p. 221.
- 146.
Ibid., p. 221.
- 147.
Dryzek et al. (2013).
- 148.
Ibid., p. 122.
- 149.
Ibid., p. 122.
- 150.
Ibid., p. 122.
- 151.
Ibid., p. 122.
- 152.
Ibid., p. 122.
- 153.
Ibid., p. 123.
- 154.
Wright and Nyberg (2015).
- 155.
Ibid., p. 35.
- 156.
Ibid., p. 35.
- 157.
Ibid., p. 36.
- 158.
Peel and Osofsky (2015, p. 339).
- 159.
Gerrard and Hester (2018).
- 160.
- 161.
Rimmer (2011a, p. 393).
- 162.
Parthasarathy et al. (2010).
- 163.
Ibid.
- 164.
Ibid., p. 12.
- 165.
Chavez (2015).
- 166.
Reynolds et al. (2017).
- 167.
See for instance Medicines Patent Pool https://medicinespatentpool.org/ Accessed 1 May 2018.
- 168.
Reynolds et al. (2017).
- 169.
Ibid., p. 9.
- 170.
Ibid., p. 110.
- 171.
Connolly (2017).
- 172.
Chien (2012).
- 173.
Chien (2013).
- 174.
Quinn (2013).
- 175.
The White House (2014).
- 176.
Ibid.
- 177.
Ibid.
- 178.
Ibid.
- 179.
Ibid.
- 180.
Ho (2013).
- 181.
Ibid.
- 182.
Ibid.
- 183.
Ibid.
- 184.
Leahy (2014).
- 185.
Ibid.
- 186.
Ibid.
- 187.
Ibid.
- 188.
Ibid.
- 189.
Kadmar et al. (2014).
- 190.
Ibid.
- 191.
Ibid.
- 192.
Consumer Electronics Association (2014).
- 193.
Ibid.
- 194.
Ibid.
- 195.
Ibid.
- 196.
Lee (2016).
- 197.
Ibid.
- 198.
Ibid.
- 199.
- 200.
Lemley (2016).
- 201.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992, Opened for signature 9 May 1992, 1771 UNTS 107 (entered into force 21 March 1994).
- 202.
Convention on Biological Diversity, opened for signature 5 June 1992, (1993) ATS 32 (entered into force 29 December 1993).
- 203.
- 204.
- 205.
Lin (2016).
- 206.
Ibid., p. 2575.
- 207.
Ibid., p. 2576.
- 208.
Hamilton (2013, p. 149).
- 209.
Ibid., p. 149.
- 210.
Ibid., p. 149.
- 211.
Ibid., p. 149.
- 212.
Ibid., p. 150.
- 213.
Ibid., p. 150.
- 214.
- 215.
Ibid.
- 216.
Ibid.
- 217.
ETC Group (2010).
- 218.
Ibid.
- 219.
Ibid.
- 220.
Ibid.
- 221.
Ibid.
- 222.
Ibid.
- 223.
Ibid.
- 224.
Ibid.
- 225.
Ibid.
- 226.
Climate-Related Geoengineering and Biodiversity, http://www.cbd.int/climate/geoengineering/.
- 227.
Ibid.
- 228.
Ibid.
- 229.
Ibid.
- 230.
Ibid.
- 231.
Hamilton (2013).
- 232.
Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat (2012).
- 233.
Leal-Arcas (2013).
- 234.
Ibid., pp. 430–431.
- 235.
Ibid., p. 454.
- 236.
ETC Group (2011, p. 44).
- 237.
Ibid., p. 44.
- 238.
Ibid., p. 44.
- 239.
Ibid., p. 44.
- 240.
Shepherd (2016).
- 241.
Ibid.
- 242.
Ibid.
- 243.
- 244.
Ibid.
- 245.
Gerrard and Hester (2018).
- 246.
Flannery (2015, p. 150).
- 247.
Vidal (2016).
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Rimmer, M. (2018). Intellectual Ventures: Patent Law, Climate Change, and Geoengineering. In: Rimmer, M. (eds) Intellectual Property and Clean Energy. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2155-9_9
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