Abstract
Teiborlang T. Kharsyntiew argues that the annexation of Crimea by Russia in 2014 represented an existential challenge to EU foreign policy-making. The Common and Foreign and Security Policy is an ambitious goal of the EU; it has sought to portray the EU as an international actor that can act and speak with one voice on the international stage. However, such ambitions are challenged by the complexities of foreign policy-making processes that exist both within the EU and at the national level in member states. The Ukrainian crisis represents this complexity. When the EU’s and its member states’ foreign policy objectives are not in harmony, domestic priorities come before the EU’s, thus rendering the EU’s foreign policy subservient to member states’ approaches.
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Notes
- 1.
The Treaty of Lisbon of 2009 brought the ‘Pillar’ system to an end.
- 2.
Negotiation on Brexit between the EU and the UK is currently underway and is expected to last till March 2019. Until that date, the UK remains a member of the EU.
- 3.
The Boon Summit Conference of 1978 refers to the fourth economic summit of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The summit was held against the backdrop of disequilibrium in the international balance of payments: a large deficit suffered by the USA and its appetite for energy consumption, Japan’s large surplus and Germany’s trade surplus, and a high rate of unemployment. After intense negotiation that also involve a high degree of bargaining between the USA, Germany and Japan, the Summit agreed to boost economic growth and the USA agreed to reform its energy policy, whereas Japan and Germany improved their economic growth and contained unemployment.
- 4.
According to the European Commission’s official website, the ENP of 2003 was launched with the objective of avoiding the emergence of new dividing lines between the enlarged EU and its neighbours, instead strengthening the prosperity, stability and security of all. It is based on the values of democracy, rule of law and respect for human rights. The ENP was reviewed in 2011. Under the revised ENP, stabilisation of the region, in political, economic and security-related terms are at the heart of the new policy. The revised ENP puts a strong emphasis on two principles: the implementation of a differentiated approach to the EU’s neighbours, to respect the different aspirations of its partners and to better answer EU interests and the interests of its partners; and increased ownership by partner countries and member states.
- 5.
Two years after the first sanctions were imposed on Russia, member states such as Bulgaria, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Finland were still importing more than 75% of their petroleum oil and natural gas from Russia (Eurostat October 2017b). Other member states such as the Czech Republic, Latvia, Austria, Romania and Slovenia were importing more than 75% of their total national importsof natural gas from Russia. Similarly, Germany imported between 25% and 50% of its petroleum oil and between 50% and 70% of its natural gas requirement from Russia (Eurostat October 2017b). The Netherlands imported between 25% and 50% of its petroleum oil and natural gas from Russia; Italy imported less than 25% of petroleum oil but between 25% and 50% of natural gas from Russia, with Spain importing less than 25% of both petroleum oil and natural gas from Russia (Eurostat October 2017b).
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Kharsyntiew, T.T. (2019). The Common Foreign and Security Policy and the Ukrainian Crisis. In: Sachdeva, G. (eds) Challenges in Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1636-4_11
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