Comparative Analysis of Political Cognition

Tong, Dezhi

doi:10.1007/978-981-13-1574-9_2

Comparative Analysis of Political Cognition

Dezhi Tong²

Chapter
First Online: 04 August 2018

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Abstract

Generally speaking, any existence of political life can be included in the field of political cognition.

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Notes

1.
Edited by Yang Haijiao: On Political Subjects, Shanxi Education Press, Edition of 2001, p. 1.
2.
Jiang Yukai: On Political Subjects, Zhejiang People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1995, p. 2.
3.
Li Jinpeng: Power Politics, Heilongjiang Education Press, Edition of 1995, p. 169.
4.
Edited by Wang Puqu: Foundations of Politics, Peking University Press, Edition of 2006, p. 43.
5.
[UK] David Miller and Vernon Bogdanor: The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Institutions, mainly translated by Deng Zhenglai, China University of Political Science and Law Press, Edition of 1992, p. 641.
6.
[UK] David Miller and Vernon Bogdanor: The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Institutions, mainly translated by Deng Zhenglai, China University of Political Science and Law Press, Edition of 1992, p. 640.
7.
Edited by Wang Puqu: Foundations of Politics, Peking University Press, Edition of 2006, p. 113.
8.
Gustave Le Bon, The Psychology of Revolution, New York: G.P. Putnam's & Sons, 1913, p. 148.
9.
Gustave Le Bon, The Psychology of Revolution, New York: G. R Putnam’s & Sons' 1913. p. 241.
10.
Fred I. Greenstein, “The Benevolent Leader: Children’s Images of Political Authority”, American Political Science Review 54 (December 1960), pp. 934–943. There are differences between American school children’s cognition of the president, their chief executive, in English schools and French schools. “Children and Politics in Britain, France, and the United States: Six Examples”, Fred I. Greenstein and Sidney Tarrow, Youth and Society 2 (1970), pp. 111–128.
11.
Robert A, Dahl, How Democratic Is the American Constitution? New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001, pp. 114–115.
12.
Encyclopedia of China: Politics, Encyclopedia of China Publishing House, Edition of 1992, p. 508.
13.
[U.S.] Jack C. Plano et al.: Dictionary of Politics Analysis, China Social Science Press, Edition of 1986, p. 107.
14.
B. F. Skinner, Walden Two, New York: Macmillan, 1948, p. 221.
15.
William H. Riker, Peter C. Ordeshook, An Introduction to Positive Political Theory, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1973, pp. 57–58.
16.
In the West, the word “modernus” first appeared in the fifth century A.D., means to distinguish modern society which has already converted to “Christianity” from Roman society which still belongs to “Paganism”. Therefore, the word modernus “consciously emphasizes the breakage between ancient and modern” in intention. See [Germany] Jurgen Habermas: Postnational Structure, translated by Cao Weidong, Shanghai People’s Publishing House, Edition of 2002, p. 178.
17.
[America] Dewey: Individualism Old and New—Collected Works of Dewey, translated by Sun Youzhong, Shanghai Academy of Social Science Press, Edition of 1997, p. 41.
18.
[America] Dewey: Social Philosophy and Political Philosophy, Dewey Talks about China, edited by Shen Yihong, Zhejiang Literature and Art Publishing House, Edition of 2001, p. 11.
19.
Gustave Le Bon, The Psychology of Revolution, New York, 1913, p. 120.
20.
[France] Tocqueville: The Old Regime and the Revolution, translated by Feng Tang, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1992, p. 43.
21.
Gustave Le Bon, The Psychology of Revolution, New York, 1913, p. 121.
22.
Gustave Le Bon, The Psychology of Revolution, New York, 1913, p. 85.
23.
Zhu Xueqin: Modern Revolution and Transformation of Human Nature—“Sunshine and Lightning—Revelation of French Revolution and American Revolution” (Chinese Translation) Preface, Oriental Culture, 2003(6), p. 6.
24.
[America] Gordon Wood: The Radicalism of the American Revolution, translated by Fu Guoying, Beijing University Press, Edition of 1997, p. 1.
25.
See R. L. Schuyler: The Constitution of the United States, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1922, p. 138.
26.
Robert Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989, p. 22.
27.
[Ancient Greek] Aristotle: Politics, translated by Wu Shoupeng, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1965, p. 7. In another place, Aristotle reiterates again “the person is isolated from the city-state…if he is not a wild beast, he will be a god only.” [Ancient Greek] Aristotle: Politics, translated by Wu Shoupeng, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1965, p. 9.
28.
See Cong Riyun: Christian Binary Political View and Modern Liberalism, Tianjin Normal University[D], Edition of 2001, p. 91.
29.
See Cong Riyun: Christian Binary Political View and Modern Liberalism, Tianjin Normal University[D], Edition of 2001, p. 90.
30.
The Bible Galatians, V.1.
31.
The Bible Ephesians, VI.5.
32.
See Cong Riyun: Christian Binary Political View and Modern Liberalism, Tianjin Normal University[D], Edition of 2001, pp. 15–16.
33.
[Ancient Greek] Seneca: Happy and Transient Life: Seneca Moral Letter, translated by Zhao Youchun and Zhang Jianjun, Sanlian Bookstore, Edition of 1989, p. 21.
34.
Hegal thinks that, the right of subjectivity and the existing unlimitedness “mainly appear in Christian”. [Germany] Hegel: Principle of Law Philosophy, translated by Fan Yang and Zhang Qitai, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1961, p. 201.
35.
[Canada] Charles Taylor: Mode of Civil Society, Deng Zhenglai, [Britain] Alexander: State and Civil Society, Central Compilation and Translation Press, Edition of 2002, p. 12.
36.
The Complete Works of Max and Angles Volume 1, People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1956, p. 284.
37.
The “citizen” and “civics” of this article have connotation of special meaning. Citizen refers to the people influenced by economic power in civil society, and civics refers to citizens gaining political rights when they enter into state territory.
38.
[Germany] Hegel: Principle of Law Philosophy, translated by Fan Yang and Zhang Qitai, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1961, p. 217.
39.
[Germany] Hegel: Principle of Law Philosophy, translated by Fan Yang and Zhang Qitai, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1961, p. 216.
40.
The Complete Works of Max and Angles Volume 1, People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1956, p. 340.
41.
The so-called interior freedom is for common custom power. Because of church’s pressure and despotism, the interior freedom of Christian is often out of the question. See Hebert Muller, Freedom in the Western World: From the Dark Ages to Rise of Democracy, New York: Parper & Row, Publishers, 1963, p. 5. See Cong Riyun: Christian Binary Political View and Modern Liberalism, Tianjin Normal University[D], Edition of 2001, p. 17.
42.
Right is the most basic vocabulary in law. But, its division does not form conforming cognition. In general, people often use political rights, civic rights, social rights, autonomous rights and others to point those relative rights that civics participate in state administration; and use human rights, individual rights, natural rights, moral rights and others to point those basic rights guaranteeing individual freedom and safety, life, property and so on. This article basically uses political rights to point the republicanism tradition emphasizing on democratic rights and associated with Rousseau, and uses individual rights to point liberalism tradition emphasizing on natural rights and associated with Locke. However, seen from the whole article, making the Procrustean bed is hard to avoid acting in a Procrustean way, so this article uses two rights according to the context meaning.
43.
Grotius pointed out that: “Jus Naturale is the indication of the justice logos, which is based on whether the behavior is compatible with the reasonable nature, to conclude that it is moral meanness, or moral necessity.” Hugo Grotius, On the Law of War and Peace, translated by A.C.Campbell, A.M., Batoche books Kitchener, 2001, p. 9.
44.
Hobbes pointed out that: “Something which is commonly referred to as Jus Naturale, is the freedom of everyone as he wishes, to use his power to preserve the freedom of his own nature, that is, to preserve the freedom of his own life.” Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, Beijing, China Cocial Science Publishing House, 1999, p. 99. Chinese translation refers to [Britain] Hobbes, Leviathan, translated by Li Sifu, Li Biyan, Commercial Press, Edition of 1985, p. 97, the reference text of this text has been slightly changed.
45.
[Britain] Hobbes, Leviathan, translated by Li Sifu, Li Biyan, Commercial Press, Edition of 1985, pp. 164–165. Thomas Hobbes, On the Citizen, edited by Richard Tuck and Michael Silverthorne, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 142. Friedrich believed that on the characteristics of Hobbes’s economic freedom and political autocracy, his leviathan was more like Napoleon-style country rather than Hitler-style country. Carl J Friedrich The Philosophy of Law in Historical Perspective Chicago, 1963, p. 87. On this view, Bodenheimer also held similar view. [America] Bodenheimer: Jurisprudence-Philosophy of Right and Its Methods, translated by Deng Zhenglai, etc, Huaxia Publishing House, Edition of 1987, p. 68.
46.
Thomas Hobbes, On the Citizen, edited by Richard Tuck and Michael Silverthorne, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 150.
47.
Xu Datong Chief Editor: History of Western Political Thoughts, Tianjing Education Press, Edition of 2000, p. 153. In Civil Society and the Country-Theoretical Distinction and Two Structures, Deng Zhenglai thought that on the mode of civil society theory, “Paine is only the extreme of Locke, there is no meaning to divide; yet Hobbes mode because of its sovereignty theory and other views, this text holds that it is not representative.” This judgment clearly overlooked that Hobbes proposed the anti autocratic side of the economic freedom. Refer to Deng Zhenglai: Civil Society and the Country-Theoretical Distinction and Two Structures, in A study on the Sociological Theory of Country and civil Society edited by Deng Zhenglai, [Britain] J.C. Alexander, Central Compilation and Translation Press, Edition of 1999, p. 82.
48.
[Britain] Locke: Two Treatises of Government (II), translated by Qu Junong, Ye Qifang, Commercial Press, Edition of 1964, p. 83.
49.
[France] Sieyes: On Privilege What Is the Third Grade?, translated by Feng Tang, Commercial Press, Edition of 1997, pp. 19, 28, 20–21, etc.
50.
[France] Sieyes: On Privilege What Is the Third Grade?, translated by Feng Tang, Commercial Press, Edition of 1997, p. 29.
51.
[France] Diderot: Diderot Corpus, compiled and translated by Wang Yu, Chen Jifa, China Society Press, Edition of 1997, p. 573.
52.
[Germany] Hegel: Phenomenon of Spirit (I), translated by Wang Jiuxing, He Lin, Commercial Press, Edition of 1983, p. 122.
53.
[Japan] Narifumi Nakaoka: Habermas-Communicative Action, translated by Wang Ping, Hebei Education Press, Edition of 2001, p. 201.
54.
[Britain] Maine: Ancient Law, translated by Shen Jingyi, Commercial Press, Edition of 1984, p. 146.
55.
[Britain] Maine: Ancient Law, translated by Shen Jingyi, Commercial Press, Edition of 1984, p. 146.
56.
[Britain] Maine: Ancient Law, translated by Shen Jingyi, Commercial Press, Edition of 1984, p. 97.
57.
[Ancient Greek] Thucydides: History of the Peloponnesian War, translated by Xie Defeng, Commercial Press, Edition of 1960, p. 130, p. 132.
58.
Quoted from editorial department of law textbook: Selection on Data of History of Western Legal Philosophy, Peking University Press, Edition of 1983, p. 68.
59.
[Ancient Greek] Aristotle: Politics, translated by Wu Shoupeng, Commercial Press, Edition of 1981, p. 130.
60.
Volume 23 of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, People's Publishing House, Edition of 1960, p. 336.
61.
Quoted from [Russia] B.C. CEPREEB: History of Ancient Greece, translated by Miao Lingzhu, Higher Education Press, Edition of 1955, p. 216.
62.
[France] Rousseau: Social Contract Theory, translated by Li Changshan, Commercial Press, Edition of 1980, p. 8.
63.
[Ancient Greek] Aristotle: Politics, translated by Wu Shoupeng, Commercial Press, Edition of 1981, p. 132.
64.
Quoted from [Russia] Nersesian Mainz: Ancient Greek Political Theory, translated by Cai Tuo, Commercial Press, Edition of 1996, p. 105.
65.
[Ancient Greek] Thucydides: History of the Peloponnesian War, translated by Xie Defeng, Commercial Press, Edition of 1960, p. 130.
66.
[Ancient Greek] Thucydides: History of the Peloponnesian War, translated by Xie Defeng, Commercial Press, Edition of 1960, p. 671.
67.
Quoted from editorial department of law textbook of Writing Group of History of Western Legal Philosophy: Selection on Data of History of Western Legal Philosophy, Peking University Press, Edition of 1983, p. 65, 68.
68.
[Germany] Hegel: History of Philosophy Lectures (volume 1), translated by He Lin and Wang Taiqing, Commercial Press, Edition of 1983, p. 158.
69.
Dong Zhongshu: Chunqiu Fanlu Shunming, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1975, pp. 520–521.
70.
Chen Guying: Zhuangzi Jinzhujinyi Tiandao, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1983, p. 342.
71.
Sun Xingyan: Shangshu Jinguwenzhushu Hongfan, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1986, p. 306.
72.
Yang Bojun: Mengzi Yizhu Lilouzhangjushang, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1960, p. 183.
73.
Yang Bojun: Lunyu Yizhu Jishi, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1980, p. 178.
74.
Zhang Shitong: Annotation of Xunzi Xiuqi, Shanghai People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1974, p. 10.
75.
Zhang Shitong: Annotation of Xunzi Dalue, Shanghai People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1974, p. 297.
76.
Ruan Yuan: Shisanjing Zhushu Liji, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1980, p. 1611.
77.
Zhang Shitong: Annotation of Xunzi Fuguo, Shanghai People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1974, p. 94.
78.
Ruan Yuan: Shisanjing Zhushu Zuozhuan, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1980, p. 1736.
79.
Ruan Yuan: Shisanjing Zhushu Liji, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1980, p. 1531.
80.
Yang Bojun: Lunyu Yizhu Yanyuan, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1980, p. 123.
81.
Yang Bojun: Mengzi Yizhu Tengwengongzhangjuxia, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1960, p. 155.
82.
Ruan Yuan: Shisanjing Zhushu Xiaojing, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1980, p. 2545.
83.
Ruan Yuan: Shisanjing Zhushu Xiaojing, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1980, p. 2549.
84.
Ruan Yuan: Shisanjing Zhushu Liji, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1980, p. 1598.
85.
Zhang Shiyong: Annotation of Xunzi Zhishi, Shanghai People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1974, p. 147.
86.
Ruan Yuan: Shisanjing Zhushu Liji, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1980, p. 1599.
87.
Ruan Yuan: Shisanjing Zhushu Liji, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1980, pp. 1467–1468.
88.
Ruan Yuan: Shisanjing Zhushu Liji, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1980, p. 1233.
89.
Ruan Yuan: Shisanjing Zhushu Liji, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1980, p. 1233.
90.
Liu Yiwei: History of Chinese Culture, Jiangsu Guangling Ancient Books Countermark Office, Edition of 1992, p. 44.
91.
Ruan Yuan: Shisanjing Zhushu Xiaojing, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1980, p. 2548.
92.
Yang Bojun: Lunyu Yizhu Baqiao, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1980, p. 30.
93.
Zhang Shitong: Annotation of Xunzi Jundao, Shanghai People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1974, p. 126.
94.
Zhang Shitong: Annotation of Xunzi Quanxue, Shanghai People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1974, p. 3.
95.
Dong zhongshu: Chunqiu Fanlu Weirenzhetian, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1975, p. 388.
96.
[Ancient Rome] Cicero: On the Commonwealth and On the Laws, translated by Wang Huansheng, China University of Political Science and Law Press, Edition of 1997, p. 39.
97.
[France] Rousseau: Social Contract, translated by Li Changshan, Commercial Press, Edition of 1982, p. 23.
98.
[France] Rousseau: Social Contract, translated by Li Changshan, Commercial Press, Edition of 1982, p. 51.
99.
[Britain] Locke: Two Theories of Government(II), translated by Qu Junong, Ye Qifang, Commercial Press, Edition of 1964, p. 80.
100.
Dong Zhognshu: Chunqiufanlu Shunming, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1975, p. 519.
101.
Ruan Yuan: Shisanjing Zhushu Liji, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1980, p. 1621.
102.
Zhu Xi: Zhuxi's Encyclopedia The Ritual, Shanghai Classics Publishing House, Anhui Education Publishing House, Edition of 2003, p. 881.
103.
Twenty-two Zi Guan Zi, Shanghai Classics Publishing House, Edition of 1986, p. 152.
104.
Wang Liqi: Yantielun School Note - Chao St, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1992, p. 595.
105.
Chen Yizhong edited: Rules for Reforms, Hai Rui Collected Works(I), Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1962, p. 117.
106.
Liang Qichao: Ice-drinking Room Combined Collected Works The Sixth Collected Works, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1989, p. 16.
107.
Wang Wengong Document Anthology III Saint, Wenyuange Complete Library in Four Divisions.
108.
Yang Bojun: Annotation on the Analects of Confucius: Duke Ling of Wei, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1980, p. 166.
109.
Zhang Shitong: Annotation on Xunzi: Squareness, Shanghai People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1974, p. 23.
110.
Zhang Shitong: Annotation on Xunzi: Thought of Rites, Shanghai People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1974, p. 203.
111.
Zhang Shitong: Annotation on Xunzi: Evil Human Nature, Shanghai People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1974, p. 262.
112.
Yang Bojun: Translation and Annotation on the Book of Mencius: Lilou Volume I, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1960, p. 171.
113.
Tang Zhen: Annotation on Qian Shu: Warning of Ming Dynasty, Sichuan People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1984, pp. 315–316.
114.
Zhang Shitong: Annotation on Xunzi: Method of Being a Monarch, Shanghai People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1974, pp. 127–128.
115.
Liang Qichao: Yinbingshi Collection: Volume VI, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1989, p. 16.
116.
Yang Bojun: Annotation on the Analects of Confucius: Yanghuo, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1980, p. 191.
117.
Yang Bojun: Annotation on the Analects of Confucius: Weizheng, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1980, p. 12.
118.
Yang Bojun: Annotation on the Analects of Confucius: Taibo, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1980, p. 81.
119.
Gao Heng: Annotation on the Book of Lord Shang: Suandi, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1974, p. 63.
120.
Twenty-two Zi: Guanzi, Shanghai Classics Publishing House, Edition of 1986, p. 177.
121.
Ruan Yuan: Annotation on Thirteen Classics: Poem, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1980, p. 463.
122.
Zhang Shitong: Annotation on Xunzi: Ruxiao, Shanghai People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1974, p. 60.
123.
Ruan Yuan: Annotation on Thirteen Classics: Poem, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1980, p. 479.
124.
Ruan Yuan: Annotation on Thirteen Classics: Poem, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1980, p. 516.
125.
Sun Xingyan: Shangshu Jinguwen Zhushu: Lizheng, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1986, p. 477.
126.
Yang Bojun: Translation and Annotation on the Book of Mencius: Chapters and Sentences of Tengwengong (II), Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1960, p. 142.
127.
Yang Bojun: Translation and Annotation on the Book of Mencius: Chapters and Sentences of Huiwang (I), Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1960, p. 1.
128.
Sima Qian: Shiji: Biography of First Emperor of Qin, Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House, Edition of 1994, p. 44.
129.
Yang Bojun: Translation and Annotation on the Book of Mencius: Chapters and Sentences of Tengwengong (II), Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1960, p. 142.
130.
Twenty-two Zi: Guanzi, Shanghai Classics Publishing House, Edition of 1986, p. 1166.
131.
Ban Gu: Translation and Annotation on the History of the Han Dynasty: Yiwenzhixu, Shanghai Classics Publishing House, Edition of 1990, p. 48.
132.
Yang Bojun: Annotation on the Analects of Confucius: Xianwen, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1980, p. 155.
133.
The ancient Jews and the Babylonians may be exceptions. Max Weber thought: “The concept of citizens of a state is not known to the Islamic world, India and China.” Derek Heater, Citizenship: The Civic Ideal in World History, Politics and Education, New York, Longman Inc., 1990, p. 2.
134.
Namely, the private affairs of the monarch were public affairs; the subjects’ (individuals’) private affairs were private affairs. However, according to viewpoints of Huang Zongxi and other people in the early Qing Dynasty, the overall interests of the subjects were interpreted as the public affairs which opposite to the private affairs of the monarch. However, this idea did not become the mainstream ideology of the ancient society.
135.
Derek Heater, Citizenship: The Civic Ideal in World History, Politics and Education, p. 2.
136.
[Ancient Greece] Thucydides: History of the Peloponnesian War, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1960, p. 163.
137.
M.H. Hansen, The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes, p. 314.
138.
C. Farrar, The Origins of Democratic Thinking, Cambridge University Press, 1988, p. 2.
139.
[Ancient Greece] Aristotle: Politics, translated by Wu Shoupeng, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1965, pp. 117, 109, 118–119.
140.
Sima Qian: Shih Chi Preface of Sima Qian, Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House, Edition of 1994, p. 991.
141.
Due to the unique geographical conditions of the Mediterranean, the political vision of the Greeks also includes a variety of Eastern countries, cities or tribal system.
142.
There is no doubt that the rich free and democratic heritage in western history leads modern western people to overthrow autocracy and establish one of the main spiritual energy of liberal democracy.
143.
Refer to [ancient Greek] Aristotle: Politics, translated by Wu Shoupeng, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1965, pp. 176–177. Refer to Nicomachean Ethics, published in Complete works of Aristotle (volume 8), mainly translated by Miao Litian, China Renmin University Press, Edition of 2000, p. 237.
144.
Sun Xingyan: Shangshu ancient Chinese Prose Exegesis Duoshi, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1986, p. 429.
145.
Sima Qian: Shih Chi Preface of Sima Qian, Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House, Edition of 1994, p. 989.
146.
Refer to Complete Works of Marx and Engels volume 4, People's Publishing House, Edition of 1995, p. 166. In order to build the framework of modern political system; from the point of view of political individual, the separation of state and society not only stipulates the dual role of people as citizens and subjects, but also stipulates dual nature of people with human rights and civil rights. Others basic understandings such as relationship between political liberation and social liberation, social existence determines the political culture, all of which highlight the status of civil society theory in Marx's politics. Therefore, seizing the civil society is seizing the key of Marx's politics.
147.
[Britain] John McClelland: History of Western Political Thoughts, translated by Peng Huaidong, Hainan Press, Edition of 2003, p. 322.
148.
[Canada] Charles Taylor: Civil Society Model, recorded by Deng Zhenglai, edited by [Britain] Alexander: State and Civil Society, Central Compilation and Translation Press, Edition of 2002, pp. 11–12.
149.
The semantics transformation related to jus can be referred to Brian Tierney, The Idea of Natural Rights: Studies on Natural Rights, Natural Law and Church Law 1150–1625、Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press, 1997. Richard Tuck, Natural Rights Theories: Their Origin and Development, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
150.
[Britain] Acton: Freedom and Power, translated by Hou Jian and Fan Yafeng, The Commercial Press, Edition of 2001, p. 349.
151.
[Canada] Charles Taylor: Civil Society Model, recorded by Deng Zhenglai, edited by [Britain] Alexander: State and Civil Society, Central Compilation and; Translation Press, Edition of 2002, p. 11.
152.
[America] Paine: Selected Works of Paine, translated by Ma Qinghuai, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1981, p. 233.
153.
Refer to Cong Riyun: Binary Political View of Christianity and Modern Liberalism, Tianjin University (Doctoral Dissertation), Edition of 2001, p. 105.
154.
[America] Kenneth Minogue: Introduction to Contemporary Scholarship: Politics, translated by Gong Ren, Liaoning Education Press, Edition of 1998, p. 41.
155.
“Copy” first appeared in the book Ancient Laws of Henry Maine. He pointed out: “I now use the law to draft this word to express, cover up or aim to cover up any change that the law has been changed, in fact, the law has not been changed, but its use has been changed”. Refer to [Britain] Maine: Ancient Laws, translated by Shen Jing, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1984, p. 15. This word is used to show the influence of the binary political view of Christianity on liberalism.
156.
Chinese scholar professor Cong Riyun's doctoral thesis makes creative and detailed description of binary political view, the specific content can be referred to Cong Riyun: Binary Political View of Christianity and Modern Liberalism, Tianjin Normal University (Doctoral Dissertation), Edition of 2001, p. 1. Not mentioned here.
157.
[Britain] Acton: Freedom and Power, translated by Hou Jian and Fan Yafeng, The Commercial Press, Edition of 2001, p. 55.
158.
[Britain] Acton: Freedom and Power, translated by Hou Jian and Fan Yafeng, The Commercial Press, Edition of 2001, p. 347.
159.
Refer to Cong Riyun: Binary Political View of Christianity and Modern Liberalism, Tianjin University (Doctoral Dissertation), Edition of 2001, p. 96. It is noted that the translation of the word “civil society” by domestic scholars is not consistent, and there are basically two kinds of usage of “citizen society” and “civil society”. However, there is no substantial difference between the two translations, and both are common in many cases. For example, Cong Riyun used the word “civil society” in another article to refer the same content. Yuan Baishun, Cong Riyun: Seventeenth Century Concept Analysis of Civil Society, Journal of Liaoning Normal University (Social Science Edition) 2001, No. 6, p. 109. The author of this article believes that, although the word “civil society” is more accepted by contemporary scholars, but for the fact of the rise of the modern western bourgeoism, the word “citizen society” be more in line with the original appearance. Nevertheless, I do not think that the two terms are essentially different.
160.
[America] Friederich: Transcendent Justice: The Religious Dimension of Constitutionalism, translated by Zhou Yong, Wang Lizhi, Life Reading New Knowledge Sanlian Bookstore, Edition of 1997, p. 19.
161.
For relevant argument, please refer to Tong Dezhi: Influence of Religious Reform on Modern Western Political Theory, published in Journal of Suzhou Railway Normal College 2000 No. 1, p. 24. Published in copied data of NPC Press: Politics 2000 No. 5, pp. 24–28.
162.
The Complete Works of Max and Angles Volume 1, People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1956, p. 284.
163.
[America] Frederich Watkins: The Political Tradition of the West: A Study in the Development of Modern Liberalism, translated by Yang Jian and so on, Jilin People's Publishing House, Edition of 2001, p. 49.
164.
[Germany] Jurgen Habermas: Communication and the Evolution of Society, translated by Zhang Boshu, Chongqing Publishing House, Edition of 1989, pp. 197–199.
165.
The Complete Works of Max and Angles Volume 1, People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1956, p. 284.
166.
Jack Lively and Andrew Reeve, The Emergence of the Idea of Civil Society: The Artificial Political Order and Natural Social Orders, Robert Fine and Shirin Rai, Civil Society: Democratic Perspectives, London, Portland: Frank Cass & Co Ltd., 1997, p. 64.
167.
Bodin pointed out that for the representative of sovereignty “in this world there was nothing greater than sovereign monarchs except God, which were the representatives God established on earth for ordering other humans…” Jean Bodin, Six Books of the Commonwealth, vol 1, translated by M.J. Tooley Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1955, p. 40. Raymond G. Gettell, History of political thought, New York: Century, 1925, p. 84. Hobbes also used such appellation, and he indicated that “this was the birth of great Leviathan,—in a more respectful way, this was exactly the birth of live God” while he was discussing the cause, emergence and definition of state. Refer to [Britain] Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan, translated by Li Sifu and Li Tingbi, Commercial Press, Edition of 1985, p. 132. This article uses Hegel’s sayings, that Hegel pointed out that “god itself marches forward on the ground, and this is state” while he was discussing the concept of state. Refer to [Germany] Hegel: Principle of Law Philosophy, translated by Fan Yang and Zhang Qitai, Commercial Press, Edition of 1961, p. 259. But the translator used the translation of “god [God] itself marches forward on the ground”. Refer to [Germany] Hegel: Principle of Law Philosophy, translated by Fan Yang and Zhang Qitai, Commercial Press, Edition of 1961, p. 22. This article considers “God” is more suitable in Western language environment and adopts such translation. It is mentionable that the translation of Hegel’s such words even becomes a focus of theoretical research disputes in Hegel’s country. After Knox, W. Kaufmann and Charles Taylor thought this sentence excessively highlighted statism in Hegel’s state theory and should be mistranslated. Refer to Yu Jianxing: Criticism of Liberalism Theory and Re-establishment of Freedom Theory—Hegel’s Political Philosophy and Its Influence, Academia Press, Edition of 2000, p. 189. Even so, dense statism element in Hegel’s state theory and his theoretical defenses for the rise of national state are unassailable.
168.
[America] G. H. Sabine: A History of Political Theory (Volume II), translated by Liu Shan and so on, Commercial Press, Edition of 1986, p. 388.
169.
Parliament in that time was called “Tudor slavish parliament” and “King’s tame tool”, however, this taming was relative because of British powerful common law and parliamentary tradition. Refer to Cheng Handa: British Legal History, Qilu Publishing House, Edition of 2001, pp. 245–246.
170.
[American] Leslie Lipson: The Great Issues of Politics—An Introduction to Political Science, translated by Liu Xiao and so on, Huaxia Publishing House, Edition of 2001, p. 147.
171.
[Britain] Lord Acton: Essays on Freedom and Power, translated by Hou Jian and Fan Yafeng, Commercial Press, Edition of 2001, p. 316.
172.
[America] Frederich Watkins: The Political Tradition of the West: A Study in the Development of Modern Liberalism, translated by Yang Jian and so on, Jilin People's Publishing House, Edition of 2001, p. 54.
173.
[America] Douglass C. North, Robert Paul Thomas: The Rise of the Western World, translated by Li Yiping, Huaxia Publishing House, Edition of 1999, p. 23.
174.
[America] Douglass C. North, Robert Paul Thomas: The Rise of the Western World, translated by Li Yiping, Huaxia Publishing House, Edition of 1999, p. 102.
175.
[France] Fernand Bmudel: Material Civilization, Economy and Capitalism from 15th to 18th Century, translated by Gu Liang and Shi Kangqiang, SDX Joint Publishing Company, Edition of 2002, pp. 604–605.
176.
[France] Fernand Bmudel: Material Civilization, Economy and Capitalism from 15th to 18th Century, translated by Gu Liang and Shi Kangqiang, SDX Joint Publishing Company, Edition of 2002, p. 609.
177.
[America] Douglass C. North: Structure and Change in Economic History, translated by Chen Yu and Luo Huaping, Shanghai People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1994, pp. 165–166.
178.
[Germany] Jurgen Habermas: The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, translated by Cao Weidong and so on, Academia Press, Edition of 1999, p. 11.
179.
[Germany] Jurgen Habermas: The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, translated by Cao Weidong and so on, Academia Press, Edition of 1999, p. 103, endnote.
180.
[Germany] Jurgen Habermas: The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, translated by Cao Weidong and so on, Academia Press, Edition of 1999, p. 12.
181.
[Germany] Peter Gerda Mel: Introductionof Rousseau’s A Discourse Upon the Origin and the Foundation of the Inequality among Mankind, quoted from [France] Rousseau: A Discourse Upon the Origin and the Foundation of the Inequality among Mankind, translated by Li Changshan, Commercial Press, Edition of 1962, p. 189.
182.
[France] Rousseau: A Discourse Upon the Origin and the Foundation of the Inequality among Mankind, translated by Li Changshan, Commercial Press, Edition of 1962, pp. 127–128.
183.
[France] Rousseau: A Discourse Upon the Origin and the Foundation of the Inequality among Mankind, translated by Li Changshan, Commercial Press, Edition of 1962, p. 129.
184.
[Germany] Marx, Engels: The Communist Manifesto, People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1997, p. 27.
185.
[Germany] Marx, Engels: The Communist Manifesto, People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1997, p. 27.
186.
[France] Rousseau: A Discourse Upon the Origin and the Foundation of the Inequality among Mankind, translated by Li Changshan, Commercial Press, Edition of 1962, p. 126.
187.
[France] Rousseau: A Discourse Upon the Origin and the Foundation of the Inequality among Mankind, translated by Li Changshan, Commercial Press, Edition of 1962, p. 128.
188.
[France] Rousseau: A Discourse Upon the Origin and the Foundation of the Inequality among Mankind, translated by Li Changshan, Commercial Press, Edition of 1962, p. 129.
189.
^⑤[Germany] Max, Engels: The Communist Manifesto, People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1997, p. 44.
190.
^⑥[France] Rousseau: Discours sur L’origine et les Fondaments de L’inegalite Parmi les Hcmmes, translated by Li Changshan, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1962, p. 131.
191.
[Germany] Marx, Engels: The Communist Manifesto, People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1997, p. 29.
192.
[France] Rousseau: Discours sur L’origine et les Fondaments de L’inegalite Parmi les Hcmmes, translated by Li Changshan, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1962, p. 132.
193.
[France] Rousseau: Discours sur L’origine et les Fondaments de L’inegalite Parmi les Hcmmes, translated by Li Changshan, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1962, p. 108.
194.
[Germany] Marx, Engels: The Communist Manifesto, People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1997, p. 39.
195.
[Germany] Marx, Engels: The Communist Manifesto, People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1997, p. 39.
196.
[France] Rousseau: Discours sur L’origine et les Fondaments de L’inegalite Parmi les Hcmmes, translated by Li Changshan, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1962, p. 139.
197.
[France] Rousseau: Discours sur L’origine et les Fondaments de L’inegalite Parmi les Hcmmes, translated by Li Changshan, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1962, p. 139.
198.
[France] Rousseau: Discours sur L’origine et les Fondaments de L’inegalite Parmi les Hcmmes, translated by Li Changshan, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1962, p. 139.
199.
Referring to Selections of Marx and Engels. Vol. 3, People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1995, p. 343.
200.
[Germany] Marx, Engels: The Communist Manifesto, People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1997, p. 37. “A large number of educational factors” in the English edition of 1888 was: new factors of enlightenment and progress. Noted by the translator.
201.
[Germany] Marx, Engels: The Communist Manifesto, People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1997, p. 39.
202.
[France] Rousseau: Discours sur L’origine et les Fondaments de L’inegalite Parmi les Hcmmes, translated by Li Changshan, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1962, p. 149.
203.
[Germany] Marx, Engels: The Communist Manifesto, People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1997, p. 39.
204.
[France] Rousseau: Discours sur L’origine et les Fondaments de L’inegalite Parmi les Hcmmes, translated by Li Changshan, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1962, p. 131.
205.
[France] Rousseau: Discours sur L’origine et les Fondaments de L’inegalite Parmi les Hcmmes, translated by Li Changshan, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1962, p. 131.
206.
In the notes of the translation of Rousseau’s Discours sur L’origine et les Fondaments de L’inegalite Parmi les Hcmmes, Li Changshan thought that Rousseau “did not ask for the people but a wise legislator to clean the old world”. The author of this book didn’t think so.
207.
[Germany] Marx, Engels: The Communist Manifesto, People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1997, p. 38.
208.
[Germany] Marx, Engels: The Communist Manifesto, People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1997, p. 38.
209.
[France] Rousseau: Discours sur L’origine et les Fondaments de L’inegalite Parmi les Hcmmes, translated by Li Changshan, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1962, p. 129.
210.
[Germany] Marx, Engels: The Communist Manifesto, People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1997, pp. 39–40.
211.
[Germany] Marx, Engels: The Communist Manifesto, People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1997, p. 63.
212.
Selections of Marx and Engels. Vol. 3, People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1995, p. 483.
213.
Do ditto, p. 720.
214.
Selections of Marx and Engels. Vol. 46 (I), People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1997, p. 476.
215.
[France] Rousseau: Discours sur L’origine et les Fondaments de L’inegalite Parmi les Hcmmes, translated by Li Changshan, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1962, p. 134.
216.
[Britain] Maine: Ancient Law, translated by Shen Jingyi, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1984, p. 7.
217.
[Ancient Greece] Aristotle: Politics, translated by Wu Shoupeng, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1997, p. 7.
218.
Do ditto, p. 109.
219.
[Ancient Rome] Cicero: On the Commonwealth and On the Laws, translated by Wang Huansheng, China University of Political Science and Law Press, Edition of 1997, p. 25.
220.
[Ancient Greece] Aristotle: Politics, translated by Wu Shoupeng, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1997, p. 3.
221.
Quoted from Selected Materials on History of Western Legal Thoughts, edited by the Writing Group of History of Western Legal Thoughts, editorial department of Teaching Materials of Law, Peking University Press, Edition of 1983, p. 67.
222.
Zhang Shitong: Annotation on Xunzi: Xing’e, Shanghai People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1974, p. 258.
223.
Same as above, p. 262.
224.
Ruan Yuan: Annotation on Thirteen Classics: Rites of Zhou, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1980, p. 639.
225.
Yang Bojun: Annotation on the Analects of Confucius: Yan Yuan, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1980, p. 129.
226.
Same as above.
227.
Lou Yulie: Collation and Annotation of the Collection of Wang Bi: Mingtuan, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1980, p. 591.
228.
Twenty-two Zi: Hanfeizi, Shanghai Classics Publishing House, Edition of 1986, p. 1162.
229.
Twenty-two Zi: Mister Lv’s Spring and Autumn Annals, Shanghai Classics Publishing House, Edition of 1986, p. 631.
230.
[France] Rousseau: The Social Contract, translated by He Zhaowu, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1980, p. 26.
231.
[France] Rousseau: Neuchatel Manuscript, quoted from the footnote of The Social Contract, translated by He Zhaowu, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1980, p. 25.
232.
[France] Mably: Selected Works of Mably, translated by He Qingxin, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1981, p. 139, 162, 163.
233.
[France] Robespierre: Revolutionary Legal System and Judgment, translated by Zhao Hanyu, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1965, p. 138.
234.
[France] Robespierre: Revolutionary Legal System and Judgment, translated by Zhao Hanyu, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1965, p. 154.
235.
Quoted from [France] Constant: Liberty of the Ancients and Liberty of the Moderns, translated by Yan Kewen and Liu Mangui, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1999, p. 314.
236.
Robert Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1989, p. 193.
237.
[U.S.A] Bodenheimer: Jurisprudence—The Philosophy and Method of the Law, translated by Deng Zhenglai, China University of Political Science and Law Press, Edition of 1998, p. 61.
238.
[France] Rousseau: The Social Contract, translated by He Zhaowu, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1980, pp. 24–26.
239.
Collected Works of Marx and Engels Volume 1, People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1956, p. 394.
240.
Chen Binghui: Evolution of Western Democratic Theories of the 20th Century, contained in Journal of Xiamen University (Arts & Social Science Edition), 1999(3), p. 31.
241.
[France] Benjamin Constant: Liberty of the Ancients and Liberty of the Moderns, translated by Yan Kewen and Liu Mangui, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1999, p. 57.
242.
[France] Benjamin Constant: Liberty of the Ancients and Liberty of the Moderns, translated by Yan Kewen and Liu Mangui, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1999, p. 55, 63, 60.
243.
[France] Michel Foucault: Society Must Be Defended, translated by Qian Han, Shanghai People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1999, pp. 219–220.
244.
Julie Mostov believes, “The people’s sovereignty shows an effort to replace the will of God by human will.” Julie Mostov, Power, Process, and Popular Sovereignty, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992, p. 7.
245.
W. H. Dunham: Regal Power and the Rule of Law: A Tudor Paradox, contained in Journal of British Studies, 1964(3), p. 277. Quoted from Cheng Handa: The Legal History of the United Kingdom, Shandong Qilu Press, Edition of 2001, p. 278.
246.
W. H. Dunham: Regal Power and the Rule of Law: A Tudor Paradox, contained in Journal of British Studies, 1964(3), p. 24. Quoted from Cheng Handa: The Legal History of the United Kingdom, Shandong Qilu Press, Edition of 2001, p. 278. Daniel Lazare also affirmed the rationality of the Tudor paradox. Daniel Lazare, The Frozen Republic i How the Constitution is Paralyzing Democracy, Harcourt Brace, 1996, p. 12.
247.
Henry de Bracton, On the laws and customs of England, Translated by Samuel E. Thorne, Cambridge: the Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1968, p. 33.
248.
Henry of Bracton, On the laws and customs of England, Translated by Samuel E. Thorne, Cambridge: the Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1968, p. 166, 250. See also Mcllwain. C. H.: Constitutionalism Ancient and Modem, New York: Cornell University Press, 1947, Chapter 4.
249.
Cheng Handa: The Legal History of the United Kingdom, Shandong Qilu Press, Edition of 2001, pp. 265–266.
250.
Same as above, p. 277.
251.
According to incomplete statistics, more than 1900 parliament regulations were formulated in the Tudor Dynasty in total, more than the sum of acts of parliament formulated in the previous three centuries (1245). See Cheng Handa: The Legal History of the United Kingdom, Shandong Qilu Press, Edition of 2001, p. 265.
252.
Hansard, Parliamentary History,1628, pp. 356–357, quoted from [U.S.] Edward S. Corwin: The “Higher Law” Background of American Constitutional Law, translated by Qiang Shigong, SDX Joint Publishing Company, Edition of 1996, p. 54.
253.
Coke's Reports,vol. 8, 118, 1610. Quoted from Neil H. Cogan, Contexts of the Constitution New York: Foundation Press, 1999, pp. 109–124.
254.
Day v. Savadge, 1614; City of London v. Wood, 1701. See Neil H, Cogan, Contexts of the Constitution, New York: Foundation Press, 1999, p. 117 [U.S.] Edward S. Corwin: The “Higher Law” Background of American Constitutional Law, translated by Qiang Shigong, SDX Joint Publishing Company, Edition of 1996, pp. 51–52.
255.
Sir John Fortescue, The Difference Between an Absolute and Limited Monarchy.W. Bowyer in White-Fryars, for E. Parker, London, 1714. see Francis D. Wormuth, The Origins Of Modern Constitutionalism, New York: Harper and Brothers, 1949, p. 209.
256.
[U.S.] Edward S. Corwin: The “Higher Law” Background of American Constitutional Law, translated by Qiang Shigong, SDX Joint Publishing Company, Edition of 1996, p. 36.
257.
[UK] Locke: Two Treatises of Civil Government (Volume II), translated by Qu Junong and Ye Qifang, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1964, p. 92.
258.
Locke Proposed, “Though in a constituted common-wealth, standing upon its own basis, and acting according to its own nature, that is, acting for the preservation of the community, there can be but one supreme power, which is the legislative, to which all the rest are and must be subordinate, yet the legislative being only a fiduciary power to act for certain ends, there remains still in the people a supreme power to remove or alter the legislative, when they find the legislative act contrary to the trust reposed in them.” See [UK] Locke: Two Treatises of Civil Government (Volume II), translated by Qu Junong and Ye Qifang, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1964, P91. Julian H. Franklin, John Locke and the Theory of Sovereignty, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978, p. 93.
259.
See [UK] Jennings: The law and the Constitution, translated by Gong Xiangrui and Houjian, SDX Joint Publishing Company, Edition of 1997, p. 101.
260.
Wood, Democracy and constitution, in R. Goldwin and W. Schambra, eds., How Democradcs is the Constitution? Washington, D. C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1980, p. 16.
261.
[U.S.] Ackerman: New Federalism?, Contained in Constitutionalism and Democracy: Studies in Rationality and Social Change, edited by [U.S.] Elster and [Norway] Slagstad, translated by Pan Qin, SDX Joint Publishing Company, Edition of 1997, p. 181.
262.
[U.S.] Hamilton, Jay, Madison: The Federalist Papers, translated by Cheng Fengru et al., The Commercial Press, Edition of 1980, Federalist No. 63, p. 323.
263.
[U.S.] Ackerman: New Federalism?, Contained in Constitutionalism and Democracy: Studies in Rationality and Social Change, edited by [U.S.] Elster and [Norway] Slagstad, translated by Pan Qin, SDX Joint Publishing Company, Edition of 1997, p. 182.
264.
Same as above, p. 200.
265.
Bruce Ackerman, We The People: Transformations Vol. II, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991, p. 186.
266.
[U.S.] Hamilton, Jay, Madison: The Federalist Papers, translated by Cheng Fengru et al., The Commercial Press, Edition of 1980, Federalist No. 51, pp. 265–266. The original text mainly refers to the federal system. However, the political theory of compound republic is the consistent proposition of the Federalists. See the original text in Alexander Hamikon, James Madison, John Jay, The Federalist Papers Beijing: China Cocial Science Publishing House, 1999, p. 323.
267.
Bruce Ackerman, We The People: Transforrmtions Vol II, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991, p. 4.
268.
[U.S.] Vincent Ostrom: The Political theory of a Compound Republic, translated by Mao Shoulong, SDX Joint Publishing (Shanghai) Company, Edition of 1999, pp. 99–100.
269.
[U.S.] Rawls: Political Liberalism, translated by Wan Junren, Yilin Press, Edition of 2000, p. 247.
270.
Thomas Jefferson: Opinion on French Treaties, 1793. Thomas Jefferson_} The Writings of Thomas Jefferson edited by Lipscomb and Sergh, vol. 3, Washington, D.C., 1903–1904, p. 227: Jefferson repeatedly expressed similar viewpoints. See other references in: Thomas Jefferson to Pierre Samuel Dupont de Nemours, 1813. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson edited by Lipscomb and Bergh, vol. 19, Washington, D.C., 1903–1904, p. 197. Thomas Jefferson to John Cartwright, 1824. Thomas Jefferson,The Writings of Thomas Jefferson edited by Lipscomb and Bergh, vol.16, Washington, D,C., 1903–1904, p. 45.
271.
[U.S.] George Washington: Collected Works of George Washington, translated by Nie Chongxin, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1983, p. 237.
272.
In The Federalist Papers, Madison Proposed,”Wherever the primary power is from, it can only belong to the people…” See [U.S.] Hamilton, Jay, Madison: The Federalist Papers, translated by Cheng Fengru et al., The Commercial Press, Edition of 1980, p. 240.
273.
In fact, the formation of American constitutional democracy benefits from a series of constitutional cases. These cases include but are not limited to Chisholm V. Georgia, 2 Dali 419, 471, Penhailow v. Doane's Administrators, 3 Dail 54, 93; McCullock v. Maryland, 4 Wheat 316, 404,405;Yick Yo Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370.
274.
McPherson v. Blacker 146 U, S., 1–25. In the case of McPherson v. Blacker, principle was reaffirmed. Giozza v. Herman, 148 U. S., 661, refer to David K. Watson, Constitution Of The United States its History Application And Construction, Volume I, Chicago: Callaghan and Company, 1910, Chap. 5.
275.
Thomas Jefferson to Edmund Randolph, 1799. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson edited by Lipscomb and Bergh, vol. 10, Washington. D.C., 1903–1904, p. 126.
276.
Thomas Jefferson: Opinion on French Treaties, 1793. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson edited by Lipscomb and Bergh, vol. 3, Washington, D.C., 1903–1904, p. 227.
277.
The same as above.
278.
Raymond Aron, Democracy and Totalitarianism, a Theory of Political Systems’ edited by Roy Pierce, Ann Abor: The University of Michigan Press, 1990, p. 83.
279.
[America] Joseph Schumpeter: Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, translated by Wu Liangjian, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1999, p. 361.
280.
The same as above, p. 395.
281.
[America] Schertz Schneider: Semi Sovereign People American Democracy in the Eyes of Realists, translated by Ren Junfeng, Tianjin People's Publishing House, Edition of 2000, p. 124.
282.
Bruce Ackerman, We The People: Foundations Vol. I, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991, p. 6.
283.
Benjamin Barber, A passion for democracy: American essays, Princeton New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1998, p. 62.
284.
Bruce Ackerman, We The People: Transformations Vol. II, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991, this kind of thought is the basic thought of Ackerman through the book, and also is the basic idea of Ackerman on constitutional research.
285.
Bruce Ackerman, We The People: Transformations Vol. II, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991. Ackerman describes American constitutional change from these periods, and these periods became the overall thinking of his three theories of constitutionalism (We The People-Foundations, We The People: Transformations, We The People: Interpretations). Rawls agreed with the division of Ackerman, he thought that constitutional creation, constitutional reconstruction and the New Deal period are three most innovative periods in the history of the constitutional history of America. Refer to [America] Rawls: Political Liberalism, translated by Wan Junren, Yilin Translation Publishing House, Edition of 2000, p. 248, 431.
286.
[America] Rawls: As the Fair Justice—New Theory of Justice, translated by Yao Dazhi, Shanghai Sanlian Bookstore, Edition of 2002, p. 3.
287.
[America] Mainly edited by Leo Straus, Joseph Cropsey: History of Political Philosophy (A), translated by Li Tianran, etc., Hebei People's Publishing House, Edition of 1993, p. 5.
288.
Liang Qichao: History of Political Thought in Pre Qin Period, Zhonghua Book Company, Shanghai Bookstore, Edition of 1986, p. 154, 193.
289.
[Britain] Carl Popper: The Open Society and Its Enemies (Volume A), translated by Lu Heng, etc., China Social Sciences Publishing House, Edition of 1999, p. 227.
290.
[America] Straus, Joseph Cropsey: History of Political Philosophy (Volume A), translated by Li Tianran, etc., Hebei People's Publishing House, Edition of 1993, p. 67.
291.
[Ancient Greece] Plato: Utopia, translated by Guo Binhe and Zhang Zhuming, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1986, pp. 214–215, 255.
292.
Zhang Shitong: Annotation of Xunzi Correct and Sensible View, Shanghai People′s Publishing House, Edition of 1974, p. 189.
293.
Zhang Shitong: Annotation of Xunzi Demasking, Shanghai People′s Publishing House, Edition of 1974, p. 240.
294.
Chen Guying: Lao-tzu Interpretion and Review Chapter 1019, Zhong Hua Book Company, Edition of 1984, p. 183.
295.
Chen Guying: Zhuangzi Note and Interpretion Rangwang, Zhong Hua Book Company, Edition of 1983, p. 744.
296.
[America] Straus, Joseph Cropsey: History of Political Philosophy (Volume A), translated by Li Tianran, etc., Hebei People's Publishing House, Edition of 1993, p. 54.
297.
[Britain] Carl Popper: The Open Society and Its Enemies (Volume A), translated by Lu Heng, etc., China Social Sciences Publishing House, Edition of 1999, pp. 276–277, 228.
298.
Dong Zhongshu: Chunqiu Fanlu Strypped-down Simplicity and Elegance of Three Generations, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1975, p. 232.
299.
Chen Li: Baihu Tongshuzheng Sage, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1994, p. 336.
300.
[Ancient Greece] Plato: Utopia, translated by Guo Binhe and Zhang Zhuming, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1986, p. 19.
301.
Zhang Shitong: Annotation of Xunzi Evil Human Nature, Shanghai People′s Publishing House, Edition of 1974, p. 265.
302.
[America] Straus, Joseph Cropsey: History of Political Philosophy (Volume A), translated by Li Tianran, etc., Hebei People's Publishing House, Edition of 1993, p. 76.
303.
[Ancient Greece] Plato: Utopia, translated by Guo Binhe and Zhang Zhuming, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1986, p. 260.
304.
[Ancient Greece] Plato: Utopia, translated by Guo Binhe and Zhang Zhuming, The Commercial Press, Edition of 1986, p. 281.
305.
Chen Guying: Zhuangzi Note and Interpretion Rangwang, Zhong Hua Book Company, Edition of 1983, p. 751.
306.
Wu Yujiang: Mo-tse Universal Love A, Zhong Hua Book Company, Edition of 1993, p. 154.
307.
[Britain] Karl Popper: The Open Society and Its Enemies Volume I, translated by Lu Heng and so on, China Social Sciences Publishing House, Edition of 1999, p. 251.
308.
Zhang Shitong: Annotation of Xunzi Evil Human Nature, Shanghai People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1974, p. 259.
309.
Yang Bojun: Mengzi Yizhu Lilouzhangjushang, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1960, p. 180.
310.
Chen Guying: Lao-tzu Notes and Comments Chapter 65, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1984, p. 312.
311.
Chen Guying: Lao-tzu Notes and Comments Chapter 22, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1984, p. 154.
312.
Chen Guying: Lao-tzu Notes and Comments Chapter 45, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1984, p. 241.
313.
Twenty-two Zi Han-feizi, Shanghai Classics Publishing House, Edition of 1986, p. 1177.
314.
Same as above, p. 1184.
315.
Same as above, p. 1186.
316.
[Britain] Karl Popper: The Open Society and Its Enemies Volume I, translated by Lu Heng and so on, China Social Sciences Publishing House, Edition of 1999, p. 265, 290.
317.
Zhang Shitong: Annotation of Xunzi Rongru, Shanghai People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1974, p. 33, 34.
318.
Wu Yujiang: Mo-tse Jiaozhu Feiyueshang, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1993, p. 382.
319.
Gao Heng: Shangjunshu Zhuyi Dingfen, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1974, p. 185.
320.
Wu Yujiang: Mo-tse Jiaozhu Jieyongzhong, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1993, p. 255.
321.
[Ancient Greek]: Utopia, translated by Guo Binhe and Zhang Zhuming, Commercial Press, Edition of 1986, p. 172.
322.
Same as above, p. 197, 200.
323.
Yang Bojun: Mengzi Yizhu Lilouzhangjushang, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1960, p. 173.
324.
Yang Bojun: Mengzi Yizhu Lianghuiwangzhangjuxia, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1960, p. 33, 27.
325.
Zhang Shitong: Annotation of Xunzi Bugou, Shanghai People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1974, p. 22.
326.
Zhang Shitong: Annotation of Xunzi Ruxiao, Shanghai People’s Publishing House, Edition of 1974, p. 67.
327.
Wu Yujiang: Mo-tse Jiaozhu Shangtongshang, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1993, p. 109.
328.
Gao Heng: Shangjunshu Zhuyi Nongzhan, Zhonghua Book Company, Edition of 1974, p. 37.
329.
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College of Politics and Public Administration, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
Dezhi Tong

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Tong, D. (2019). Comparative Analysis of Political Cognition. In: Introduction to Comparative Political Culture. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1574-9_2

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1574-9_2
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