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Notes
- 1.
China Statistical Abstract 2015, p.114. Crude steel comes from iron ores, and steel is from both crude steel and steel crap. Double counting exists in the statistics of steel. For instance, one middle plate producer reports its output; another steel maker that uses middle plate for sheet steel also reports output. Generally speaking, the quantity of steel is higher than that of crude steel.
- 2.
Palgrave’s International Historical Statistics (1750–1993).
- 3.
Database of World Bank.
- 4.
In the calculation of steel output per capita, population data of certain countries in certain periods are missing, which means inference has to be drawn. Population data of Russia from 1897 to 1949 are calculated in this way: first, population growth rate is calculated according to the four censuses results from 1897 to 1959; second, population from 1949 to 1987 is calculated based on the population in 1959. The data of censuses are from Palgrave’s International Historical Statistics (1750–1993). Population data of South Africa from 1904 to 1949 are also calculated based on the population growth rate inferred from census data 1904–1959.
- 5.
People’s Daily, April 22, 2013.
- 6.
People’s Daily, January 30, 2015.
- 7.
China Statistical Abstract 2015, p.115.
- 8.
China Statistical Abstract 2014, p. 16.
- 9.
See Collection of Statistics: 50 Years of Steel Industry in China published in 1998.
- 10.
According to its definition, inflection point is the peak value with zero as its second derivative, not its first derivative.
- 11.
Ding Gen, “Commentary on World Crude Steel Output in April 2015”, www.steelcn.cn, May 25, 2015.
- 12.
See “Let the Market Solve the Problem of Overcapacity”, People’s Daily, April 22, 2013.
- 13.
See “Steel Industry: How to Survive?” People’s Daily, May 6, 2013.
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Xu, D., Liu, Y. (2018). Is Steel Capacity Excessive?. In: Understanding China's Overcapacity. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0881-9_2
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