Abstract
This essay addresses three questions pertaining to the assertion that ecological wisdom connotes both Platonian sophia (theoretical wisdom ) and Aristotelian phronesis (practical wisdom ): What is Aristotelian phronesis in the context of ecological wisdom ? Why should it be juxtaposed with sophia at the nexus of ecological wisdom ? How relevant is it to the contemporary ecological practice (planning, design, construction, and management)? The essay posits the construct of ecophronesis (ecological phronesis) as the ecological practical wisdom that people acquire from and use for ecological practice , describes the relationship between ecophronesis and Naessian ecosophy (ecological theoretical wisdom ), and explores the relevance of ecophronesis to ecological practice and actionable science.
This chapter is a reprint with permission from Elsevier. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2016 Special Issue on Ecological Wisdom.
Xiang, W. N. (2016). Ecophronesis: The ecological practical wisdom for and from ecological practice. Landscape and Urban Planning, 155, 53-60.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Annas J (2011) Intelligent virtue. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK
Baltes PB, Staudinger UM (2000) Wisdom—a metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. Am Psychol 55(1):122–135
Berkes F (2012) Sacred ecology, 3rd edn. Routledge, New York
Buchanan R (1992) Wicked problems in design thinking. Des Issues 8(2):5–21
Cafaro O (2001) Thoreau, Leopold, and Carson: toward an environmental virtue ethics. Environ Ethics 23(1):3–17
Cheng XZ (2013) Aesthetic engagement, Ecosophy C, and ecological appreciation. Contemp Aesthetics 11. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/ca/7523862.0011.009/–aesthetic-engagement-ecosophy-c-and-ecological-appreciation?rgn=main;view=fulltext
Chia R, Holt R (2007) Wisdom as learned ignorance: integrating East-West perspectives. In: Kessler EH, Bailey JR (eds) Handbook of organizational and managerial wisdom. SAGE Publications, Los Angeles, CA, pp 505–526
Chishtie F (2012) Phronesis and the practice of science. In: Kinsella EA, Pitman A (eds) Phronesis as professional knowledge: practical wisdom in the professions. Sense Publishers, Rotterdam and Boston, pp 101–114
Crossan MM (1998) Improvisation in action. Organ Sci 9(5):593–599
Cunha MP, Cunha JV, Kamoche K (1999) Organizational improvisation: what, when, how, and why. Int J Manag Rev 1(3):299–341
Dewey J (1933) How we think: a restatement of the relation of reflective thinking to the educative process. Heath and Co, Boston
Drengson A, Devall B (2010) The deep ecology movement: origins, development and future prospects. Trumpeter 26(2):48–69
Ellett FS Jr (2012) Practical rationality and a recovery of Aristotle’s “phronesis” for the professions. In: Kinsella EA, Pitman A (eds) Phronesis as professional knowledge: practical wisdom in the professions. Sense Publishers, Rotterdam and Boston, pp 13–33
Flyvbjerg B (2001) Making social science matter: why social inquiry fails and how it can succeed again. The Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
Flyvbjerg B (2004) Phronetic planning research: theoretical and methodological reflections. Plann Theory Pract 5(3):283–306
Flyvbjerg B, Landman T, Schram S (2012) Introduction: new directions in social science. In: Flyvbjerg B, Landman T, Schram S (eds) Real social science: applied Phronesis. Cambridge Press, New York, pp 1–14
Forester J (1999) The deliberative practitioner: encouraging participatory planning processes. The MIT Press, Boston, Massachusetts
Frank AW (2012) The feel for games: everyday phronesis and social theory. In: Flyvbjerg B, Landman T, Schram S (eds) Real social science: applied phronesis. Cambridge Press, New York, pp 48–65
Freeman RE, Dunham L, McVea J (2007) Strategic ethics: strategy, wisdom, and stakeholder theory: a pragmatic and entrepreneurial view of stakeholder strategy. In: Kessler EH, Bailey JR (eds) Handbook of organizational and managerial wisdom. SAGE Publications, Los Angeles, CA, pp 151–177
Gugerell SH, Riffert F (2011) On defining “wisdom”: Baltes, Ardelt, Ryan, and Whitehead. Interchange 42(3):225–259
Hadida AL, Tarvainen W, Rose J (2015) Organizational improvisation: a consolidating review and framework. Int J Manage Rev 17:437–459
Innes JE (1995) Planning theory’s emerging paradigm: communicative action and interactive practice. J Plann Edu Res 14:183–189
Jantsch E (1980) Ethics and evolution. North Am Rev 265(3):14–18
Kemmis S (2012) Phronesis, experience, and the primacy of praxis. In: Kinsella EA, Pitman A (eds) Phronesis as professional knowledge: practical wisdom in the professions. Sense Publishers, Rotterdam and Boston, pp 147–161
Kerr RA (2011) Adaptation to climate change: time to adapt to a warming world, but where’s the science? Science 334(25):1052–1053
Kinsella EA (2012) Practitioner reflection and judgement as phronesis: a continuum of reflection and considerations for phronetic judgement. In: Kinsella EA, Pitman A (eds) Phronesis as professional knowledge: practical wisdom in the professions. Sense Publishers, Rotterdam and Boston, pp 35–52
Kinsella EA, Pitman A (2012a) Phronesis as professional knowledge: practical wisdom in the professions. Sense Publishers, Rotterdam and Boston
Kinsella EA, Pitman A (2012b) Engaging phronesis in professional practice and education. In: Kinsella EA, Pitman A (eds) Phronesis as professional knowledge: practical wisdom in the professions. Sense Publishers, Rotterdam and Boston, pp 1–11
Kinsella EA, Pitman A (2012c) Phronesis as professional knowledge: implications for education and practice. In: Kinsella EA, Pitman A (eds) Phronesis as professional knowledge: practical wisdom in the professions. Sense Publishers, Rotterdam and Boston, pp 163–172
Laws D, Forester J (2015) Conflict, improvisation, governance: street level practices for urban democracy. Routledge, New York
Lyle JT (1985) Design for human ecosystems: landscape, land use, and natural resources. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York
Macklin R, Whiteford G (2012) Phronesis, aporia, and qualitative research. In: Kinsella EA, Pitman A (eds) Phronesis as professional knowledge: practical wisdom in the professions. Sense Publishers, Rotterdam and Boston, pp 87–100
McHarg IL (1969) Design with nature. Doubleday/Natural History Press, Garden City, NY
McHarg IL (1996) A quest for life: an autobiography. Wiley, New York
Murphy AB (2006) Enhancing geography’s role in public debate. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 96(1):1–13
Naess A (1973) The shallow and the deep, long-range ecology movement: a summary. Inquiry 16 (1–4):95–100
Nassauer JI, Wu JG, Xiang W-N (2014) Actionable urban ecology in China and the world: integrating ecology and planning for sustainable cities. Landscape Urban Plann 125:207–208
National Research Council (1996) Understanding risk: informing decisions in a democratic society. National Research Council, Committee on Risk Characterization. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C
Needham J, Wang L, Lu G-D (1971) Science and civilization in China. In: Volume 4: physics and physical technology, Part III: Civil engineering and nautics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
Nussbaum M (1990) The discernment of perception: an Aristotelian conception of private and public rationality. In: Nussbaum M (ed) Love’s knowledge: essays on philosophy and literature. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 54–105
Palmer MA (2012) Socioenvironmental sustainability and actionable science. Bioscience 62(1):5–6
Pavlou PA, El Sawy OA (2010) The “third hand”: IT-enabled competitive advantage in turbulence through improvisational capabilities. Inf Syst Res 21(3):443–471
Redman CL (1999) Human impact on ancient environments. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona
Rittel HWJ, Webber MM (1973) Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sci 4:155–169
Rodin J (2014) The resilience dividend: being strong in a world where things go wrong. Public Affairs, New York
Rorty AO (1988a) Mind in action, action in context. In: Rorty AO (ed) Mind in action: essays in the philosophy of mind. Beason Press, Boston, pp 1–21
Rorty AO (1988b) Three myths of moral theory. In: Rorty AO (ed) Mind in action: essays in the philosophy of mind. Beason Press, Boston, pp 271–298
Schön D (1983) The reflective practitioner. Basic Books, New York
Schön D (1987) Educating the reflective practitioner. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco
Schön D (1992) The theory of inquiry: Dewey’s legacy to education. Curriculum Inquiry 22(2):119–139
Schwartz B, Sharpe K (2010) Practical wisdom: the right way to do the right thing. Riverhead Books, New York
Sellman D (2012) Reclaiming competence for professional phronesis. In: Kinsella EA, Pitman A (ed) Phronesis as professional knowledge: practical wisdom in the professions. Sense Publishers, Rotterdam and Boston, pp 115–130
She ZR (1996) On ecological wisdom (生态智慧论, sheng tai zhi hui lun). Chinese Social Sciences Press (中国社会科学出版社), Beijing
Steiner FR (2016) Human ecology: how nature and culture shape our world. Forwarded by Richard T.T. Forman. The Island Press, Washington, D.C
Stichter M (2011) Virtues, skills, and right action. Ethical Theory Moral Pract 14:73–86 (on virtue as skill thesis, pp. 80–82
Tabachnick DE (2004) Phronesis, democracy and technology. Can J Polit Sci/Revue canadienne de science politique 37(4):997–1016
Tabachnick DE (2013) The great reversal: how we let technology take control of the planet. University of Toronto Press, Toronto
Van der Ryn S, Cowan S (1996) Ecological design. Island Press, Washington, D.C
Van der Ryn S, Cowan S (2007) A ten year retrospective. In: Van der Ryn S, Cowan S (eds) Ecological design: tenth anniversary edition. Washington, D.C. Island Press, pp 2–15
Vera D, Crossan M (2005) Improvisation and innovative performance in teams. Organ Sci 16(3):203–224
Weick K (2002) Improvisation as a mindset for organizational analysis. In: Kamoche KN, Cunha MP, Cunha JV (eds) Organizational improvisation. Psychology Press, New York, pp 49–69
Weick K (2007) Forward. In: Kessler EH, Bailey JR (2007) Handbook of organizational and managerial wisdom. SAGE Publications, Los Angeles, CA, pp. ix–xiii
Wilson EO (1984) Biophilia. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
Xiang W-N (2013) Working with wicked problems in socio-ecological systems: awareness, acceptance, and adaptation. Landscape Urban Plann 110(1):1–4
Xiang W-N (2014) Doing real and permanent good in landscape and urban planning: ecological wisdom for urban sustainability. Landscape Urban Plann 121:65–69
Yang B, Li S (2016) Design with Nature: Ian McHarg’s ecological wisdom as actionable and practical knowledge. Landscape Urban Plann 155 (This volume)
Yanow D, Tsoukas H (2009) What is reflection-in-action? A phenomenological account. J Manage Stud 46(8):1339–1364
Zagzebski LT (1996) Virtues of the mind: an inquiry into the nature of virtue and the ethical foundations of knowledge. The Cambridge University Press, New York
Acknowledgements
I am grateful to the following individuals for informative discussions, comments, and suggestions during the preparation and revision of this essay: Jack Ahern (University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA); Jeffrey Chan (National University of Singapore, Singapore); Shan Gao (Suzhou University, Suzhou, China); Xiangzhan Cheng (Shandong University, Jinan, China); Shu-Li Huang (National Taipei University, Taipei, Taiwan); Fritz Steiner (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA); Simon Swaffield (Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand); Sander van der Leeuw (Arizona State University, Tempe, USA); Xinhao Wang (University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA); Bo-Shan Xiang (Yale University, New Haven, USA); Tong Xiang (Dosomething.org, New York City, USA); Wentao Yan (Chongqing University, Chongqing, China); and Bo Yang (The Utah State University, Logan, USA). I am also indebted to the two anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions and to Ying Chen (Tongji University, Shanghai, China) for editorial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Xiang, WN. (2019). Ecophronesis: The Ecological Practical Wisdom for and from Ecological Practice. In: Yang, B., Young, R. (eds) Ecological Wisdom. EcoWISE. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0571-9_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0571-9_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-0570-2
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-0571-9
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)