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Taiwan and International Human Rights pp 227–247Cite as

Taiwan’s Human Rights Implementation Acts: A Model for Successful Incorporation?

Part of the Economics, Law, and Institutions in Asia Pacific book series (ELIAP)

Abstract

Owing to her contested statehood, Taiwan has been barred from accession to any United Nations-related mechanisms including international human rights conventions. Beginning in 2009, Taiwan passed Implementation Acts to incorporate the fundamental rights and freedoms enshrined in several international human rights conventions, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the Convention on the Rights of the Persons with Disabilities. These Implementation Acts provide binding legal effect for the rights enshrined in those human rights conventions in Taiwan’s legal system, and stipulate a legal duty of the government—including the legislative, executive and judicial branches—for implementation and enforcement. The Implementation Acts even obliged the government to issue state reports based upon the requirements of those human rights conventions and created a system of review of government implementation by independent international experts with prior experience of serving on similar international panels. Perhaps the only matter that a domestic Implementation Act cannot stipulate is Taiwan’s membership and international participation in those human rights conventions. This chapter is aimed at analyzing the special mechanism of the Implementation Acts, discussing their particular functions, challenges and difficulties in the context of Taiwan’s special international situation. Drawing on these discussions, this chapter also explores whether the model provided for by the Implementation Acts may be suitable for human rights incorporation and enforcement beyond Taiwan.

Keywords

  • CEDAW
  • CRC
  • CRPD
  • ICCPR
  • ICECER
  • Implementation Act
  • International review

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Chang and Yeh (2012), p 1171.

  2. 2.

    Yeh and Chang (2008), p 93.

  3. 3.

    UN General Assembly Resolution 2758, A/RES/2758(XXVI) (25 Oct 1971).

  4. 4.

    Yeh (2016), pp 1–2, Yeh and Chang (2014), p 143.

  5. 5.

    Chang (2009a), p 221.

  6. 6.

    Yeh (2016), pp 233–236.

  7. 7.

    Citing UN General Assembly Resolution 2758, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon returned Taiwan’s instrument of accession to the CEDAW.

  8. 8.

    Yeh (2016), pp 233–236.

  9. 9.

    Gender Equality Committee of the Executive Yuan, https://www.ey.gov.tw/gec_en/News.aspx?n=98FF4D9BE97AB4B4&sms=5674ADAAA9DB9139. Accessed 28 Dec 2017.

  10. 10.

    See also Chang (2009a), p 221.

  11. 11.

    Zhonghua Minguo Xianfa (The ROC Constitution), arts. 38, 58(2), 63.

  12. 12.

    Zhonghua Minguo Xianfa (The ROC Constitution), art. 141.

  13. 13.

    Si Fa Yuan Da Fa Guan Jie Shi Shizi Di 329 Hao [Justices of the Constitutional Court, Judicial Yuan, Interpretation No. 329] (24 Dec 1993) (R.O.C.), Reasoning, para.1.

  14. 14.

    Chang (2009a), pp 209–210.

  15. 15.

    Chang and Lu (2011), pp 87–88.

  16. 16.

    Ministry of Justice, The progress of examining the law and administrative orders and regulations violating the two Covenants, https://www.humanrights.moj.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=283349&CtNode=32910&mp=200 (in Chinese), Accessed 22 Nov 2017.

  17. 17.

    Gender Equality Committee of the Executive Yuan, The progress of examining the law and administrative orders and regulations violating the CEDAW, http://www.gec.ey.gov.tw/News.aspx?n=1662D3186C4B2F2D&sms=08DBC3A57A112D27 (in Chinese), Accessed 22 Nov 2017.

  18. 18.

    Gender Equality Committee of the Executive Yuan, The Guidelines for Gender Equality Policy, http://www.gec.ey.gov.tw/cp.aspx?n=363DC330E476B467 (in Chinese), Accessed 22 Nov 2017.

  19. 19.

    The Implementation Act of the CRC, art. 9.

  20. 20.

    Zhonghua Minguo Weisheng Fuli Bu [中華民國衛生福利部] (Ministry of Health and Welfare), Lifa Yuan Sandu Tongguo Ertong Ji Shaonian Fuli Yu Quanyi Baozhangfa Xiuzheng Cao’an [立法院三讀通過兒童暨少年福利與權益保障法修正草案] (The amendment to the Protection of Children and Youth Welfare and Rights Act was passed by the Legislative Yuan), https://www.sfaa.gov.tw/SFAA/Pages/VDetail.aspx?nodeid=20&pid=4303. Accessed 17 Oct 2017.

  21. 21.

    The Implementation Act of the CRPD, art. 10 (3).

  22. 22.

    Zhonghua Minguo Weisheng Fuli Bu [中華民國衛生福利部] (Ministry of Health and Welfare), Lifa Yuan Sandu Tongguo Shenxin Zhang’aizhe Quanli Baozhangfa Xiuzheng Cao’an [立法院三讀通過身心障礙者權利保障法修正草案] (The amendment to the People with Disabilities Rights Protection Act was passed by the Legislative Yuan), https://www.sfaa.gov.tw/SFAA/Pages/VDetail.aspx?nodeid=20&pid=4432. Accessed 17 Oct 2017.

  23. 23.

    It is also translated as the “Presidential Office Human Rights Consultative Committee,” available at http://english.president.gov.tw/Page/225. Accessed 28 Dec 2017.

  24. 24.

    It was decided at a meeting on 12 Apr 2012.

  25. 25.

    The list of members and the process of the first international review is available at http://www.humanrights.moj.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=283761&ctNode=32959&mp=200. Accessed 28 Dec 2017.

  26. 26.

    Concluding Observations and Recommendations Adopted by the International Group of Independent Experts, Review of the Initial Reports of the Government of Taiwan on the Implementation of the International Human Rights Covenants (1 Mar 2013), para. 4.

  27. 27.

    Id., at para. 5.

  28. 28.

    The list of members and the process of the second international review are available at http://www.humanrights.moj.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=445282&CtNode=44519&mp=200. Accessed 28 Dec 2017.

  29. 29.

    Concluding Observations and Recommendations adopted by the International Review Committee, Review of the Second Reports of the Government of Taiwan on the Implementation of the International Human Rights Covenants (20 Jan 2017), para. 4 and 5.

  30. 30.

    The CEDAW Implementation Act, art. 6.

  31. 31.

    The state reports of the CEDAW and the process of the international review are available at https://www.gec.ey.gov.tw/news.aspx?n=D9EB035103686D4C. Accessed 28 Dec 2017.

  32. 32.

    The initial state report of the CRC and the process of the international review are available at http://www.crcreview.org.tw/. Accessed 28 Dec 2017.

  33. 33.

    The Implementation Act of the CRPD, art. 7.

  34. 34.

    The initial state report of the CRPD and the process of the international review are available at https://www.sfaa.gov.tw/SFAA/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=834&pid=6190. Accessed 28 Dec 2017.

  35. 35.

    The Implementation Act of the two Covenants, art. 7; the Implementation Act of the CEDAW, art. 7.

  36. 36.

    The Implementation Act of the CRC, art. 6 & 8; the Implementation Act of the CRPD, art. 6 & 9.

  37. 37.

    Huang P, Liang Gongyue Shixingfa Jizhi Shixing [兩公約施行法機制實行] [The Implementation Act of the two Covenants and its Implementation], https://www.tahr.org.tw/files/newsletter/201003/013.pdf. Accessed 17 Nov 2017.

  38. 38.

    Civil Servants online learning platform, https://elearn.hrd.gov.tw/mooc/index.php. (in Chinese). Accessed 22 Nov 2017.

  39. 39.

    Gender Equality Committee of the Executive Yuan, Xingzhengyuan Suoshu Ge Jiguan Tuidong Xingbie Zhuliuhua Shishi Jihua (Nian 103–106) Shuominghui Jianbao Ziliao [行政院所屬各機關推動性別主流化實施計畫] (The materials of the press conference of the subordinate institutions of the Executive Yuan promoting the gender-mainstreaming project in the year 103–106), http://www.gec.ey.gov.tw/cp.aspx?n=02A3667FED9E6B98. Accessed 22 Nov 2017.

  40. 40.

    The development of the committee is available at http://english.president.gov.tw/Page/225. Accessed 28 Dec 2017.

  41. 41.

    The organic regulation of the committee is available at http://english.president.gov.tw/Page/231. Accessed 28 Dec 2017.

  42. 42.

    The meeting records of the committee are available at http://www.president.gov.tw/Page/227/3/. Accessed 28 Dec 2017.

  43. 43.

    ICCPR, art. 36; ICESCR, art. 16.

  44. 44.

    Chang (2013a), p 141.

  45. 45.

    Id., at p 143.

  46. 46.

    Id., at pp 143–144.

  47. 47.

    Id., at pp 144–145.

  48. 48.

    Id., at pp 144–145.

  49. 49.

    Id., at pp 145.

  50. 50.

    See generally Kuo (2013).

  51. 51.

    Chang (2011), p 593.

  52. 52.

    Concluding Observations and Recommendations Adopted by the International Group of Independent Experts, Review of the Initial Reports of the Government of Taiwan on the Implementation of the International Human Rights Covenants (1 Mar 2013), para. 14.

  53. 53.

    Chang (2009c), pp 253–272, Chang (2015), pp 20–21.

  54. 54.

    Chang (2012b), pp 23–31.

  55. 55.

    Liu (2016), p 83.

  56. 56.

    Liao (2014), pp 4–5.

  57. 57.

    Id., at p 7.

  58. 58.

    Liu (2016), pp 81–83.

  59. 59.

    Id., at p 84.

  60. 60.

    Covenants Watch, English, http://covenantswatch.org.tw/english/. Accessed 28 Dec 2017.

  61. 61.

    Chang (2013b), p 26.

  62. 62.

    Yeh (2016), p 237.

  63. 63.

    The dismissal was made at the 1358th Council meeting on 28 May 2010 and the 1418th Council meeting on 6 Jun 2014.

  64. 64.

    Chang (2009b).

  65. 65.

    See supra note 54 and accompanying text.

  66. 66.

    Chang (2012c), p 56.

  67. 67.

    Awakening Foundation, “Minjian Tuidong Taiwan Luoshi CEDAW Lianmeng” Dashiji [「民間推動臺灣落實CEDAW聯盟」大事紀] (The Momentum of the Civil Alliance Promoting the CEDAW in Taiwan), http://www.awakening.org.tw/upload/uploadfile-665.pdf. Accessed 28 Dec 2017.

  68. 68.

    See Chang (2012a), pp 3–4.

  69. 69.

    Ertong Shaonian Quanli Weihu Wang [兒童少年權利維護網] (Children and Teenage Protection Website), Ershao Zhengjian Fushuhua Kongtonghua Xianjinhua! Xianshizhang Gei Wen Ma? [兒少政見附屬化、空洞化、現金化!縣市長給問嗎?] (Subordinates, Hollows, and Pork Bucket the Teenage Policies! Local Government Election Candidates, What’s Your Opinion?), http://www.cylaw.org.tw/about/policy-promote/TWNGOsforCRC/178). Accessed 18 Nov 2017.

  70. 70.

    2017 Ertong Quanli Gongyue Zhixing Zhi Tidai Baogao [2017年兒童權利公約執行之替代報告] (2017 Backup Report on the CRC Implementation), http://www.cylaw.org.tw/about/policy-promote/TWNGOsforCRC/249. Accessed 28 Dec 2017.

  71. 71.

    Chang (2012c), pp 65–66.

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Acknowledgments

I would like to acknowledge the superb research assistance provided by Ms. Wan-Ni Lin and Mr. Hsiang-Yu Liu in writing this chapter. All errors of course remain mine.

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  1. College of Law, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

    Wen-Chen Chang

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    Prof. Dr. William P. Alford

  3. Constitutional Court, Taipei, Taiwan, Taiwan

    Prof. Dr. Chang-fa Lo

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Chang, WC. (2019). Taiwan’s Human Rights Implementation Acts: A Model for Successful Incorporation?. In: Cohen, J., Alford, W., Lo, Cf. (eds) Taiwan and International Human Rights. Economics, Law, and Institutions in Asia Pacific. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0350-0_13

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