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Objective Existence of Cyberspace Sovereignty in Countries’ Affairs

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Abstract

Many countries insist on “stakeholders” dominating the international Internet and therefore do not admit the existence of cyberspace sovereignty, but almost all countries objectively exercise their sovereignty in cyberspace because no countries will let their own cyberspace out of order.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Model ccTLD Sponsorship Agreement-Triangular Situation. https://archive.icann.org/en/cctlds/model-tscsa-16dec01.htm [2016-9-10].

  2. 2.

    ccTLD Sponsorship Agreement (.tw ccTLD). https://www.icann.org/resources/unthemed-pages/sponsorship-agmt-2003-03-26-en [2016-9-10].

  3. 3.

    Exposure of price of new domain name mi.com for XIAOMI: $3.6 million! http://news.ename.cn/yumingjiaoyi_20140422_54842_1.html [2016-12-31].

  4. 4.

    CNN Claims Infringement and Dilution by cnnews.com. http://www.inta.org/INTABulletin/Pages/CNNClaims-InfringementandDilutionbycnnewscom.aspx [2016-9-10].

  5. 5.

    FEDERAL TRADEMARK DILUTION ACT. http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/judiciary/hju77698.000/hju77698_0f.htm [2016-9-20].

  6. 6.

    United States Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act (translation text). http://www.cnnic.net.cn/ggfw/fwzxxgzcfg/2012/201207/t20120731_32906.htm [2016-9-20].

  7. 7.

    Statement issued by Maya Online in terms of CNN’s domain-name requirements. http://tech.sina.com.cn/internet/china/2000-10-19/39401.shtml?from=wap [2016-9-10].

  8. 8.

    Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (the “Rules”). https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/udrp-rules-2015-03-12-zh [2016-9-13].

  9. 9.

    In the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. http://pub.bna.com/ptcj/002022.htm [2016-9-10].

  10. 10.

    “.com” Domain Names can Lead to U.S.Jurisdiction. http://www.pkulaw.cn/fulltext_form.aspx?Db=qikan&gid=1510031222 [2016-12-31].

  11. 11.

    America Online Loses ICQ Domain Name In China. http://www.techsecuritychina.com/2004/08/17/1726-america-online-loses-icq-domain-name-in-china/ [2016-9-12].

  12. 12.

    Trademark Law of the People’s Republic of China. http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2013-08/30/content_2478110.htm [2016-9-20].

  13. 13.

    Implementing Regulations of the Trademark Law of the People’s Republic of China (State Council Decree No. 651). http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2014-04/30/content_2670953.htm [2016-9-20].

  14. 14.

    Operation In Our Sites. https://www.ice.gov/factsheets/ipr-in-our-sites [2016-9-18].

  15. 15.

    Rob Fischer. A Ninja in Our Sites. The American Prospect. 2011-12-15. http://prospect.org/article/ninja-our-sites [2016-9-10].

  16. 16.

    Breaking News: Feds Falsely Censor Popular Blog For Over A Year, Deny All Due Process, Hide All Details. TechDirt. 2011-12-8. http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20111208/08225217010/breaking-news-feds-falsely-censor-popular-blog-over-year-deny-all-due-process-hide-all-details.shtml [2016-9-10].

  17. 17.

    Federal agencies seize more than $21.6 million in fake NFL merchandise during ‘Operation Team Player’. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. 2014-01-30. http://www.ice.gov/news/releases/1401/140130newyork.htm [2016-9-10].

  18. 18.

    ICE, International Law Enforcement Agencies Seize 706 Domain Names Selling Counterfeit Merchandise. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. 2014-01-30. http://www.ice.gov/news/releases/1312/131202washingtondc.htm [2016-9-10].

  19. 19.

    United States. White House Office, Obama B. International Strategy for Cyberspace: Prosperity, Security, and Openness in a Networked World. White House. 2011. Chinese translation of the full text of the International Strategy for Cyberspace from the Obama administration. https://www.douban.com/note/263597739/ [2016-9-24].

  20. 20.

    New Russian law: banning citizens’ data being held on foreign servers. http://tech.sina.com.cn/i/2014-07-06/08309478459.shtml [2016-9-17].

  21. 21.

    New Russian law bans citizens’ personal data being held on foreign servers. https://alethonews.wordpress.com/2014/07/05/ [2016-9-10].

  22. 22.

    Russia passes a new Internet law; citizens’ personal data must be stored on domestic servicers. http://www1.guancha.cn/indexnews/2014_07_07_244460.shtml [2016-6-6].

  23. 23.

    India in talks on BlackBerry e-mail access: source. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/india-in-talks-on-blackberry-e-mail-access-source/article4327182/ [2016-12-31].

  24. 24.

    India demands monitoring of social networks “Facebook, Twitter”. http://roll.sohu.com/20110809/n315816024.shtml [2016-10-6].

  25. 25.

    Microsoft Shuts Off Windows Live Messenger IM For Users In Countries Embargoed By The US. http://www.liveside.net/2009/05/21/microsoft-shuts-off-windows-live-messenger-im-for-users-in-countries-embargoed-by-the-us-error-810003c1/ [2016-9-11].

  26. 26.

    Cuba Criticized Microsoft Blocking Messenger. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/31005365/#.Vw9nm_6heUl [2016-9-11].

  27. 27.

    Facebook blocks the page at the Russia’s request; Facebook is criticized for surrendering to the Russian government. http://world.huanqiu.com/exclusive/2014-12/5290338.html [2016-9-11].

  28. 28.

    Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media says it was empowered to shut off any sites if necessary. http://world.people.com.cn/n/2015/0831/c1002-27535196.html [2016-9-11].

  29. 29.

    Consultative Working Group on Cyber-safety. http://www.amta.org.au/pages/Consultative.Working.Group.on.Cyber-safety [2016-9-11].

  30. 30.

    Australia: full governance and filtering of illegal and harmful information. http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2012-06-11/073924571192.shtml [2016-12-31].

  31. 31.

    Three largest Australian ISPs voluntarily block child porn sites. http://tech.sina.com.cn/i/2010-07-09/14054408039.shtml [2016-9-11].

  32. 32.

    Descending heavy hand on Internet censorship, resolutely blocking illegal sites. http://world.huanqiu.com/roll/2010-07/962856.html [2016-9-12].

  33. 33.

    German regulatory body reported illegal material. https://www.lumendatabase.org/notices/9415 [2016-9-18].

  34. 34.

    German combats unlawful network acts in accordance with law. http://news.xinhuanet.com/zgjx/2011-04/20/c_13837830.htm [2016-9-18].

  35. 35.

    児童ポルノのブロッキング、日本でも4月スタート、業界団体が発足. 2011-3-3. http://internet.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/news/20110303_430786.html [2016-9-11].

  36. 36.

    U.K. High Court orders ISPs to block the Pirate Bay. http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2403749,00.asp [2016-9-18].

  37. 37.

    BT network: a centerless and content-based addressing file transfer network. Users query files according to the contents, and the file recipients cannot perceive where the files are stored, but they search and download the appropriate files only by the “BT seed”. A file may exist anywhere on the network and may have multiple copies, and even a file can be divided into multiple parts and stored in different locations and then they are automatically integrated by the BT network and pushed to users who are conducting search.

  38. 38.

    British High Court rules The Pirate Bay infringes copyright. http://tech.sina.com.cn/i/2012-02-20/23526746542.shtml [2016-10-6].

  39. 39.

    Blocked piracy site list more than doubles after ruling. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-30234790 [2016-9-18].

  40. 40.

    France exercises anti-terrorism powers to block five websites suspected of condoning terrorism. http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2015-03/18/c_1114680592.htm [2016-9-11].

  41. 41.

    France blocks all websites containing child pornography and terrorism. http://www.weilairibao.com/show-10-31766-1.html [2016-9-11].

  42. 42.

    Indian cyber silence: Journalists muted after race riots. https://www.rt.com/news/india-twitter-crackdown-riots-348/ [2016-9-11].

  43. 43.

    India’s ethnic clashes have evolved into a national crisis and cast a shadow over politics. http://www.360doc.cn/article/10301333_232196672.html [2016-8-30].

  44. 44.

    India blocks 39 websites without specifying a reason. http://tech.ifeng.com/internet/detail_2013_06/28/26909855_0.shtml [2016-9-11].

  45. 45.

    India blocks Github and Sourceforge for anti-terror. http://www.zmke.com/i/12191.html [2016-9-11].

  46. 46.

    DoT Orders ISPs To Block Vimeo, Github, Archive.org, Pastebin. http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2014/12/31/ dot-blocks-vimeo_n_6399550.html [2016-9-11].

  47. 47.

    India’s Information Technology Act, 2000, and amendments 2006, 2008 and 2011 thereof. http://www.infseclaw.net/news/html/1032.html [2016-10-6].

  48. 48.

    India blocks 32URLs to prevent ISIS disseminating anti-India content. http://tech.sina.com.cn/i/2014-12-31/doc-icczmvun4573219.shtml [2016-9-11].

  49. 49.

    Counter Terrorism Internet Referral Unit. Open Rights Group Wiki. 2015. https://wiki.openrightsgroup.org/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_Internet_Referral_Unit [2016-9-11].

  50. 50.

    The Terrorism Act 2006. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-terrorism-act-2006 [2016-9-18].

  51. 51.

    Report online terrorist material. https://www.gov.uk/report-terrorism [2016-9-11].

  52. 52.

    What is the CTIRU? http://www.borderscollege.ac.uk/resources/counter-terrorism/[2016-10-6]. https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/number_of_websites_taken_down_by#incoming-103269 [2016-9-11].

  53. 53.

    Speech: Home Secretary Theresa May on Counter-Terrorism. Home Office and The Rt Hon Theresa May. 2014-11-24. https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/home-secretary-theresa-may-on-counter-terrorism [2016-9-11].

  54. 54.

    Counter-terrorism.TheyWorkForYou. 2015-02-26. http://www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans/?id=2015-02-26.225636.h [2016-9-11].

  55. 55.

    Prevention and Suppression of Terrorism. They Work For You. 2014-04-02. http://www.theyworkforyou.com/debate/?id=2014-04-02a.957.0 [2016-9-11].

  56. 56.

    British govt to request information from web giants on extremists. AL Arabiya News. 2014-10-19. http://english.alarabiya.net/en/media/digital/2014/10/19/British-government-to-request-access-to-details-of-extremist-users.html [2016-9-11].

  57. 57.

    British government intends to enhance network monitoring and beat network extremism, Xinhuanet. 2014-10-20. http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2014-10/20/c_127114378.htm [2016-9-11].

  58. 58.

    Fackbook. Twitter and YouTube told to ‘automatically’ hand over Isis terrorists’ data. The Independent. 2014-10-20. http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/uk-government-will-ask-twitter-and-youtube-to-automatically-hand-over-isis-extremists-data-9805710.html [2016-9-11].

  59. 59.

    Patrick Wintour. UK ISPs to introduce jihadi and terror content reporting button. The Guardian. 2014-11-14. http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/14/uk-isps-to-introduce-jihadi-and-terror-content-reporting-button [2016-9-11].

  60. 60.

    Methuen High student accused of making terrorist threats on Facebook. http://www.myfoxboston.com/news/methuen-high-student-accused-of-making-terrorist-threats-on-facebook-2/140144147 [2016-9-11].

  61. 61.

    US High schooler threatens to outdo the Boston Marathon bombings or faces up to 20 years in prison. http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2013/05-03/4785317.shtml [2016-9-11].

  62. 62.

    American Man Arrested For Threatening To Kill Obama. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hqzx/2013-11/23/content_17126289.htm [2016-9-11].

  63. 63.

    German: Internet is not free field. http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2012-06/13/c_123274877.htm?prolongation=1 [2016-9-18].

  64. 64.

    British man jokes about bombing airport on the Internet, the police arrests him at once. http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2010-01/20/content_12840412.htm [2016-9-11].

  65. 65.

    England riots: Two jailed for using Facebook to incite disorder. http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-manchester-14551582 [2016-12-2].

  66. 66.

    England woman is jailed for five years for promoting extremism on Facebook. http://news.xinhuanet.com/2014-12/12/c_1113620023.htm [2016-9-11].

  67. 67.

    Two British teenagers were jailed for four years for organizing and inciting riots online. http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2011/08-17/3264275.shtml [2016-9-11].

  68. 68.

    Choi Jin-sil is committed suicide before dawn at home; it is said to be related to Ahn Jae-hwan’s death. http://ent.qq.com/a/20081002/000083.htm [2016-9-18].

  69. 69.

    South Korea: rumors become more furious if without heavy penalty. http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2013-08/29/c_117150197.htm [2016-10-6].

  70. 70.

    Many countries around the world crack down on cyber rumors. http://news.xinhuanet.com/newmedia/2013-08/28/c_125263548.htm [2016-9-11].

  71. 71.

    What moves does the United States take to fight cyber rumors? http://news.xinhuanet.com/tech/2015-08/24/c_128158456.htm [2016-9-11].

  72. 72.

    Germany tells Google to tidy up auto-complete. http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-22529357 [2016-9-11].

  73. 73.

    German enterprisers won the case against Google for infringement. http://www.bjnews.com.cn/world/2013/06/03/266789.html [2016-9-11].

  74. 74.

    Germany: Two Interesting German Decisions On Internet Law. http://www.mondaq.com/x/246822/Licensing+Syndication/Two+Interesting+German+Decisions+On+Internet+Law%EF%BC%89 [2016-9-11].

  75. 75.

    2 Marines disciplined over puppy-tossing video. http://edition.cnn.com/2008/US/06/11/marine.puppy/ [2016-9-11].

  76. 76.

    David Motari, Alleged Puppy Killer, Tracked Down. http://www.infowars.com/david-motari-alleged-puppy-killer-tracked-down/ [2016-9-11].

  77. 77.

    Talk:Dog poop girl. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Dog_poop_girl#Edited_Picture [2016-9-11].

  78. 78.

    Subway Fracas Escalates Into Test Of the Internet’s Power to Shame. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/06/AR2005070601953.html [2016-9-11].

  79. 79.

    The spectacular “dogshit girl” event makes South Korean people reflect on cyber violence and government decide to establish a law to promote network real name system. http://play.163.com/special/jianzheng_44/ [2016-9-11].

  80. 80.

    Amendment to Enforcement Decree of Information and Communications Network Law. http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=JnLI5lgOox00-zgkyQeCAYm189ZipjISuLsNLTQw8aB2s4_OonlODSS1Z2ILJVDYUNl8WYdABT9o8YHSAhipfgWtV9m16AasTjEfLpeqsLtA3Lf6kb93GYTCULMEjgbeD_FclQkAd7jHAOP32NF7DdaNoVbgObroCmzbtR1G3f9ZOuNKisxuC1x5Sku4mTA4lS2U2iniHSRG3zTkJnLtCVfcN-o8hOKqzLZD4Hp3pFIG [2016-9-11].

  81. 81.

    Korea-US “Beef Disturbance” is becoming increasingly fierce. http://news.sohu.com/20080610/n257386054.shtml [2016-9-11].

  82. 82.

    South Korean Policeman suppressing beef-related demonstrations was hunted on the Internet. https://www.douban.com/group/topic/3369678/ [2016-12-31].

  83. 83.

    Act on Promotion of Information and Communications Network Utilization and Information Protection. https://www.aliyun.com/zixun/content/2_6_97320.html [2016-9-19].

  84. 84.

    Computer Fraud and Abuse Act in the US. http://www.infseclaw.net/news/html/?937.html [2016-9-25].

  85. 85.

    Lower Merion School District Settles Webcam Spying Lawsuits For $610,000. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/10/11/lower-merion-school-distr_n_758882.html [2016-9-19].

  86. 86.

    Google should be examined. http://www.tuicool.com/articles/3qeqIz [2016-10-6].

  87. 87.

    Stories of Britain: You have “The Right to Be Forgotten”. http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/britain_focus/2014/06/140606_britain_focus_forget_right [2016-9-12].

  88. 88.

    Google Issues A Transparency Report on “Right to Be Forgotten”: 42% has been cancelled. http://tech.sina.com.cn/i/2015-11-27/doc-ifxmaznc5683204.shtml [2016-10-6].

  89. 89.

    The Supreme Court of British Columbia ordered Google to delete all domain names. http://www.ipr.gov.cn/article/gjxw/gjbh/201406/1825949_1.html [2016-10-6].

  90. 90.

    Google to defy France's ruling on ‘right to be forgotten’. http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/195456/ [2016-9-12].

  91. 91.

    Yahoo bans sale of Nazi memorabilia from its Internet auctions. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2001/01/yaho-j05.html [2016-9-11].

  92. 92.

    France filed a lawsuit against Yahoo for auctioning Nazi-related items on the Internet. http://www.gmw.cn/01gmrb/2000-10/07/GB/10^18566^0^GMA3-012.htm [2016-9-11].

  93. 93.

    The Paris court ruled that Yahoo must prevent French netizens from visiting Nazi-related webistes. http://www.chinanews.com/2000-11-21/26/57081.html [2016-10-6].

  94. 94.

    Bundesgerichtshof: Volksverhetzung per Internet strafbar. http://www.golem.de/0012/11306.html [2016-9-11].

  95. 95.

    Jewish organizations in Germany are ready to “strike out” Nazi websites. http://tech.sina.com.cn/i/w/54284.shtml [2016-10-6].

  96. 96.

    Sedition Act. http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId:“1f6d9e4b-1cf1-4575-9480-da4bdeff9ef4”Status:publishedDepth:0;rec=0 [2016-10-6].

  97. 97.

    Third racist blogger sentenced to 24 months supervised probation. http://forums.vr-zone.com/chit-chatting/44764-third-racist-blogger-sentenced-24-months-supervised-probation.html [2016-9-11].

  98. 98.

    The “cross-the-line” blog in Singapore was sentenced. http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2005-11-30/00007575560s.shtml[2016-9-11].

  99. 99.

    The FBI’s Role in Cyber Security. https://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/the-fbis-role-in-cyber-security [2016-9-11].

  100. 100.

    Microsoft joins FBI to crack down on the botnet Citadel. http://tech.sina.com.cn/i/2013-06-06/22288419405.shtml [2016-9-11].

  101. 101.

    Original name: Data Fellows, established in 1988 and headquartered in Helsinki of Finland, a famous computer and network security provider in Europe and even in the world.

  102. 102.

    U.S. leads multi-national action against “Gameover Zeus” botnet and “Cryptolocker” ransomware, charges botnet administrator. U.S. Department of Justice. 2014-6-2. http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2014/June/14-crm-584.html [2016-9-11].

  103. 103.

    Wham bam: global Operation Tovar whacks CryptoLocker ransomware and Gameover Zeus botnet. Computer World. 2014-6-2. http://blogs.computerworld.com/cybercrime-and-hacking/23980/wham-bam-global-operation-tovar-whacks-cryptolocker-ransomware-gameover-zeus-botnet [2016-9-11].

  104. 104.

    Romanian gang arrested in Australia's biggest-ever credit card ID theft. http://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/29/business/australia-credit-card-fraud/ [2016-9-11].

  105. 105.

    Keep a close eye on your credit card bills. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hqgj/jryw/2012-11-30/content_7638492.html [2016-10-6].

  106. 106.

    Australia broke a credit card information theft case involving 30 million Australian dollars. http://world.people.com.cn/n/2012/1130/c57507-19747578.html [2016-9-11].

  107. 107.

    Eight Charged With Fraud, ID Theft, Money Laundering In Multimillion-Dollar International Cybercrime Scheme. https://www.justice.gov/usao-nj/pr/eight-charged-fraud-id-theft-money-laundering-multimillion-dollar-international [2016-9-11].

  108. 108.

    Eight hackers attacked Citibank and other banks to steal tens of millions of dollars. http://news.xinhuanet.com/info/2013-06/13/c_132450744.htm [2016-10-6].

  109. 109.

    Eight hackers attacked Citibank and other banks to steal tens of millions of dollars. http://news.xinhuanet.com/info/2013-06/13/c_132450744.htm [2016-9-11].

  110. 110.

    188 Internet Domain Names Seized Selling Counterfeit Products. https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/188-Internet-domain-names-seized-selling-counterfeit-products [2016-9-11].

  111. 111.

    Judgment. http://s.conjur.com.br/dl/uk-provedor-site-falsificado.pdf [2016-9-11].

  112. 112.

    Britain did a good job in cracking down on online sale of counterfeits. http://world.people.com.cn/n/2015/0209/c1002-26528606.html [2016-10-6].

  113. 113.

    Four nabbed in NSW high-quality ID theft. http://www.echo.net.au/2015/12/four-nabbed-in-nsw-high-quality-id-theft/ [2016-9-11].

  114. 114.

    Four arrested in identity crime investigation–joint agency operation. http://newsroom.border.gov.au/channels/NEWS/releases/four-arrested-in-identity-crime-investigation-joint-agency-operation [2016-10-6].

  115. 115.

    A gang stealing ID information to make fake IDs was captured, with 4 suspects arrested by police. http://oversea.stnn.cc/Au/2015/1224/271829.shtml [2016-9-11].

  116. 116.

    South Korea keeps strengthening Internet management. http://legal.people.com.cn/n/2012/1226/c42510-20018994.html [2016-9-11].

  117. 117.

    South Korea keeps strengthening Internet management (Supervision according to law in various countries Aspects of the Internet). http://www.chinalaw.gov.cn/article/xwzx/fzxw/201212/20121200379437.shtml [2016-10-6].

  118. 118.

    Operation Site Down.Wikipedia. 2014-9-10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Site_Down [2016-9-11].

  119. 119.

    FBI cracks down on ‘warez’ piracy sites. http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/102925/FBI_cracks_down_on_warez_piracy_sites [2016-9-11].

  120. 120.

    19 Indicted In Software Piracy Plot. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/02/01/tech/main1270188.shtml [2016-9-11].

  121. 121.

    Louis M. Reigel Assistant Director, Cyber Division Federal Bureau of Investigation. https://www.fbi.gov/news/speeches/operation-site-down [2016-9-11].

  122. 122.

    Swedish police raid file sharing ‘scene’. http://www.thelocal.se/20100907/28826 [2016-9-11].

  123. 123.

    Zack Whittaker. Swedish ISP raided over links to PirateBay and Wikileaks. ZDNet. 2010-9-8. http://www.zdnet.com/article/swedish-isp-raided-over-links-to-pirate-bay-and-wikileaks/ [2016-9-11].

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  1. China Electronic Corporation, Beijing, China

    Binxing Fang

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Fang, B. (2018). Objective Existence of Cyberspace Sovereignty in Countries’ Affairs. In: Cyberspace Sovereignty . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0320-3_7

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