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Legumes for Soil Health and Sustainable Management pp 205–233Cite as

Rhizobium-Legume Symbioses: Heavy Metal Effects and Principal Approaches for Bioremediation of Contaminated Soil

Abstract

Leguminous plants play a vital role in agriculture, economy, and even food security for the world’s population. Indeed, they are considered as a major source of protein for human food worldwide, providing 22% protein, 32% fat, and 7% carbohydrates. They provide a bulk of soil organic matter (SOM) in agricultural soils and have a crucial role in the soil for long-term sustainability. This is due to their significant role in improving soil fertility and ability to form Rhizobium-legume symbiosis enabling atmospheric nitrogen (N) fixation. Recently, Rhizobium-legume symbioses have attracted attention for their biochemical and ecological capacity to degrade and remove organic pollutants. They are also known for their resistance to heavy metal which make them efficient tools for rehabilitating contaminated soils. However, high heavy metal concentrations in soil may have an adverse effect on both Rhizobium and its host plant and also on their symbiotic properties. In fact, the repartition of heavy metals in soil is widespread, with an annual global heavy metal release estimated at 22.10−3 Tg of Cd, 939.10−3 Tg of Cu, 783.10−3 Tg of Pb, and 1.35 Tg of Zn. Moreover, consumption of agri-foods grown in heavy metal-polluted soils may have serious implications on human health. Recent data indicate that exposure to low levels of some heavy metals such as cadmium can have adverse health effects, mainly in the form of kidney damage, but also bone and fracture effects.

In this chapter, the harmful effects of heavy metals on the environment and humans are described along with their natural and anthropogenic origins. The disturbances induced by HM to host plants and to symbiotic N-fixing (SNF) bacteria are explained. The importance of phytoremediation as an alternative method of pollutant cleanup is highlighted. Then its main categories are elaborated along with the role of some legumes in phytoextraction and phytostabilization. Then, several approaches and strategies are aimed at improving the bioaccumulation potential and bioremediation of heavy metals based on the use of Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. These methods have been objectively discussed. The co-inoculation of plants with rhizobia and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) resistant to heavy metals presents important advantages for promoting the plant growth besides reinforcing the bacterial potency for heavy metal intake.

Furthermore, the use of bacterial genetic/molecular engineering approaches, particularly for the symbiotic association Rhizobium-legume, has proved to be an interesting and significant alternative. It offers a greater degradation capacity of various metal contaminants to promote contaminated soil remediation.

Keywords

  • Rhizobium
  • Legume
  • Symbiosis
  • Contamination
  • Heavy metals
  • Phytoremediation
  • Soil fertility

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Abbreviations

ACC deaminase:

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase

BCF:

Bioconcentration factor

CDF:

Cation diffusion facilitator

EDTA:

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

EPS:

Exopolysaccharide

HM:

Heavy metal

HME-RND:

Heavy metal efflux-resistance nodulation and cell division

IAA:

Indole-3-acetic acid

MFP:

Membrane fusion protein

MFS:

Major facilitator superfamily

MTEs:

Metal trace elements

OMF:

Outer membrane factors

PGPR:

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria

RND:

Resistance nodulation and cell division

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

TF:

Translocation factor

Tg:

Teragrams

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  1. Sciences and Technology Faculty, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fes, Morocco

    Sara Lebrazi & Kawtar Fikri-Benbrahim

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  1. Sara Lebrazi
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  2. Kawtar Fikri-Benbrahim
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Correspondence to Kawtar Fikri-Benbrahim .

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  1. Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences (BHU), Varanasi, UP, India

    Dr. Ram Swaroop Meena

  2. Division of Crop Production, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, India

    Dr. Anup Das

  3. Division of Crop Production, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Lembucherra, India

    Dr. Gulab Singh Yadav

  4. Carbon Management and Sequestration Center, SENR/FAES, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA

    Prof. Rattan Lal

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Lebrazi, S., Fikri-Benbrahim, K. (2018). Rhizobium-Legume Symbioses: Heavy Metal Effects and Principal Approaches for Bioremediation of Contaminated Soil. In: Meena, R., Das, A., Yadav, G., Lal, R. (eds) Legumes for Soil Health and Sustainable Management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0253-4_7

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