Abstract
The chapter turns to the period of the formation of Vygotsky’s theory. In the last few years of his life, Vygotsky was not satisfied with the level of development of his own theory. He reformulated his own theory in order to respond to the theoretical and practical challenges that arose in the process of his development both as a scholar and practitioner. Vygotsky developed a set of new concepts such as a psychological system , meaning and sense , perezhivanie , the social situation of development , the crisis that enabled him to investigate consciousness and cultural development in a new light. During that period, serious tensions and disagreements appeared within Vygotsky’s circle on important theoretical and methodological issues, first of all, about the relation between consciousness and activity.
The days are numbered, don’t count the losses,
a life lived is long behind us.
F. Tiutchev
I forgot the word that I wanted to say,
And thought, unembodied, returns to the hall of shadows.
O. Mandelstam
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Notes
- 1.
The issue of the relation between the abstract and concrete is examined in the eighth chapter of the book.
- 2.
About the discussion on the relations between the concepts “contradiction,” “conflicts,” and “crisis”, see Rubtsova (2012).
- 3.
In accordance with ancient Greek mythology, Pandora’s box (in Greek language the word “pithos,” a large jar is used) contains various evils of humanity. When Pandora opened this jar, all these evils were released. However, the last thing at the bottom of the box was hope.
- 4.
Veresov (2016) argues that the dialectical concepts of contradiction as a moving force of development and the qualitative reorganisation stand behind the psychological concept of dramatic perezhivanie.
- 5.
Brentano’s descriptive psychology of consciousness with its focus on intentionality influenced Husserl’s phenomenological method that emerged as opposed to naturalism and objectivism of mainstream positivist psychology.
- 6.
Vygotsky (1960) acknowledged Darwin’s contribution in developing a historical approach in the field of comparative psychology. At the same time, he believed that Darwin failed to distinguish the differences between human and animal psyche.
- 7.
Yasnitsky (2016) analyzed different phases of the intensive intellectual exchanges between the “Vygotsky’s circle” and Kurt Levin’s group. In particular, it is important to mention Zeigarnik, who played a crucial role in establishing relations between “Kurt Levin’s group” and “Vygotsky’s circle.”
- 8.
It is worth mentioning that Basov (1928) was one the first psychologists who introduced the concept of activity in Soviet psychology and considered play and labor as forms of activity. Rubinštejn developed his version of activity theory (Payne 1968). The principle of the unity of consciousness and activity was elaborated by Rubinštejn as a way to eliminate dualism in psychology.
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Dafermos, M. (2018). The Formation of Cultural-Historical Theory. In: Rethinking Cultural-Historical Theory. Perspectives in Cultural-Historical Research, vol 4. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0191-9_7
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