Abstract
Migration of natural reservoir fines is one of the main causes of formation damage in oil and gas fields. Yet, fines migration can be employed for enhancing reservoir sweep and water production control. Permeability decline due to fine particles’ detachment from reservoir rocks, mobilisation, migration and straining has been widely reported in the petroleum industry since the 1960s and is being researched worldwide. The topic of colloidal-suspension flows with particle detachment is also of wide interest in environmental, chemical and civil engineering. The current work begins with a detailed introduction on laboratory and mathematical modelling of fines migration, along with new mathematical models and experimental results. Each of the next three sections explores a particular cause of fines mobilisation, migration and straining. Section 2 covers high flow velocity that causes particle detachment accompanied by consequent permeability decline. Section 3 covers low-salinity water injection, where the decreased electrostatic attraction leads to particle mobilisation. Section 4 covers the effect of high temperature on production rate and low-salinity water injection in geothermal reservoirs. We attribute the long permeability stabilisation period during coreflooding with fines migration, to slow fines rolling and sliding and to diffusive delay in particle mobilisation. We derive the analytical models for both phenomena. Laboratory fines-migration coreflood tests are carried out, with the measurement of breakthrough fines concentration and pressure drop across the whole core and the core’s section. Treatment of the experimental data and analysis of the tuned coefficients show that the slow-particle model contains fewer coefficients and exhibits more typical strained concentration dependencies of the tuned parameters than does the delay-release model.
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Abbreviations
- A 132 :
-
Hamaker constant for interaction between materials 1 and 2 in medium 3, ML2 T−2
- c :
-
Suspended particle concentration, L−3
- C :
-
Dimensionless suspended particle concentration
- C mi :
-
Molar concentration of i-th ion, L−3
- D :
-
Dispersion coefficient
- D e :
-
Dielectric constant
- e :
-
Electron charge, C
- E :
-
Young’s modulus, ML−1 T−2
- F :
-
Force, ML T−2
- h :
-
Particle-surface separation distance, L
- H :
-
Half-width of the channel, L
- J :
-
Impedance (normalised reciprocal of mean permeability)
- k :
-
Permeability, L2
- k det :
-
Detachment coefficient
- 〈k〉:
-
Mean permeability, L2
- k B :
-
Boltzmann constant, ML2 T−2 K−1
- k n :
-
Number of data points in a given stage
- K :
-
Composite Young’s modulus, ML−1 T−2
- l :
-
Lever arm ratio
- l n :
-
Normal lever, L
- l d :
-
Tangential (drag) lever, L
- L :
-
Core length, L
- p :
-
Pressure, MT−2 L−1
- P :
-
Dimensionless pressure
- n :
-
Serial number of variant velocities in multi-rate test
- N :
-
Serial number of final velocity
- r s :
-
Radius of a particle, L
- r scr :
-
Critical radius of a particle that can be removed at certain velocity, L
- S a :
-
Dimensionless attached particle concentration
- S s :
-
Dimensionless strained particle concentration
- ∆Sa:
-
Dimensionless mobilised concentration of detached particles with velocity alteration
- t :
-
Time, T
- T :
-
Dimensionless time
- t st,n :
-
Stabilisation time for n-th flow rate, T
- T st,n :
-
Dimensionless stabilisation time for n-th flow rate
- t n :
-
Initial time of n-th flow rate, T
- T n :
-
Dimensionless initial time of n-th flow rate
- \( \bar{u} \) :
-
Average velocity through a slot
- u t :
-
Tangential crossflow velocity of fluid in the centre of the particle
- U :
-
Darcy’s velocity, LT−1
- U s :
-
Particle’s seepage velocity, LT−1
- V :
-
Potential energy, ML2 T−2
- x :
-
Linear coordinate, L
- X :
-
Dimensionless linear coordinate
- z i :
-
Electrolyte valence of the i-th ion
- α :
-
Drift delay factor
- β :
-
Formation damage coefficient
- Ƴ :
-
Salinity
- ε :
-
Dimensionless delay time
- ε 0 :
-
Free space permittivity, C−2 J−1 m−1
- η :
-
Intersection of characteristic line and the T-axis
- κ :
-
Debye length, L−1
- λ a :
-
Filtration coefficient for attachment mechanism, L−1
- λ s :
-
Filtration coefficient for straining mechanism, L−1
- Λ a :
-
Dimensionless filtration coefficient for attachment mechanism
- Λ s :
-
Dimensionless filtration coefficient for straining mechanism
- μ :
-
Dynamic viscosity, ML−1 T−1
- ν :
-
Poisson’s ratio
- ρ :
-
Fluid density, ML−3
- ρ s :
-
Particle density, ML−3
- σ cr :
-
Critical retention function, L−3
- Σa(rs):
-
Size distribution of attached particles, L−3
- σ :
-
Concentration of retained particles, L−3
- ∆σ n :
-
Mobilised concentration of detached particles with velocity switch from Un−1 to U n
- σ LJ :
-
Atomic collision diameter, L
- τ :
-
Delay time of particle release, T
- υ i :
-
Number of ions per unit volume
- ω :
-
Dimensionless coordinate of an immediate core point
- χ :
-
Lift factor
- ϕ :
-
Porosity
- Ψ01:
-
Particle surface potential
- Ψ02:
-
Collector surface potential
- ω :
-
Drag factor
- a :
-
Attached (for fine particles)
- d :
-
Drag (for force)
- g :
-
Gravitational (for force)
- iion:
-
Injected ions
- 0ion:
-
Initial ions
- l :
-
Lift (for force)
- e :
-
Electrostatic (for force)
- max:
-
Maximum
- n :
-
Normal (for force), flow rate number (for velocities, inherited retained concentrations, particle–fluid velocity ratios, inherited impedances)
- BR:
-
Born repulsion (for potential energy)
- DLR:
-
Electrostatic double layer (for potential energy)
- LVA:
-
London–van der Waal (for potential energy)
- 0:
-
Initial value or condition (for permeability, retained concentrations)
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to numerous researchers with whom they worked on colloidal-suspension transport in porous media: Prof. A. Shapiro and Dr. H. Yuan (Denmark Technical University), Dr. R. Farajzadeh and Profs. P. Zitha and H. Bruining (Delft University of Technology), Prof. A. Polyanin (Russian Academy of Sciences), Prof. Y. Osipov (Moscow University of Civil Engineering), and L. Kuzmina (National Research University, Russia).
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Yang, Y. et al. (2018). Fines Migration in Aquifers and Oilfields: Laboratory and Mathematical Modelling. In: Narayanan, N., Mohanadhas, B., Mangottiri, V. (eds) Flow and Transport in Subsurface Environment. Springer Transactions in Civil and Environmental Engineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8773-8_1
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