Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Chronic Pancreatitis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Surgical Diseases of the Pancreas and Biliary Tree

  • 950 Accesses

Abstract

The term “chronic pancreatitis” (CP) implies an irreversible change in the acinar and ductal elements of the pancreas. This is based on the initial descriptions of the disease in the 1990s [1]. More recently an international mechanistic definition has emerged—“a persistent and often progressive fibro-inflammatory disease of the pancreas, most often seen in alcoholics, smokers and genetically predisposed individuals, which presents clinically with recurrent bouts of pancreatitis in its early stages and manifests with pain, ductal calcification, diabetes and steatorrhea in its later stages [2]”. However, this definition overlooks the fact that the condition in its preclinical early stages may neither be persistent nor progressive and not necessarily be irreversible. The pathophysiology of the disease is far from clear; many causes exist and each may affect the pancreas in its unique way. Thus chronic pancreatitis may represent a watershed pathomorphologic condition caused by various aetiologies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Keith RG. Definition and classification of chronic pancreatitis. World J Surg. 2003;27:1172–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Chari ST. Defining chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatology. 2016;16:694–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Yadav D, Timmons L, Benson JT, Dierkhising RA, Chari ST. Incidence, prevalence, and survival of chronic pancreatitis: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106:2192–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Andersen DK, Andren-Sandberg A, Duell EJ, Goggins M, Korc M, Petersen GM, Smith JP, Whitcomb DC. Pancreatitis-diabetes-pancreatic cancer: summary of an NIDDK-NCI workshop. Pancreas. 2013;42:1227–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Mergener K, Baillie J. Chronic pancreatitis. Lancet. 1997;350:1379–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Raimondi S, Lowenfels AB, Morselli-Labate AM, Maisonneuve P, Pezzilli R. Pancreatic cancer in chronic pancreatitis; aetiology, incidence, and early detection. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2010;24:349–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Ammann RW, Akovbiantz A, Largiader F, Schueler G. Course and outcome of chronic pancreatitis. Longitudinal study of a mixed medical-surgical series of 245 patients. Gastroenterology. 1984;86:820–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Lankisch PG, Breuer N, Bruns A, Weber-Dany B, Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P. Natural history of acute pancreatitis: a long-term population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:2797–805.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Yadav D, Whitcomb DC. The role of alcohol and smoking in pancreatitis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;7:131–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Setiawan VW, Pandol SJ, Porcel J, Wilkens LR, Le ML, Pike MC, Monroe KR. Prospective study of alcohol drinking, smoking, and pancreatitis: the multiethnic cohort. Pancreas. 2016;45:819–25.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Yadav D, Eigenbrodt ML, Briggs MJ, Williams DK, Wiseman EJ. Pancreatitis: prevalence and risk factors among male veterans in a detoxification program. Pancreas. 2007;34:390–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Andriulli A, Botteri E, Almasio PL, Vantini I, Uomo G, Maisonneuve P. Smoking as a cofactor for causation of chronic pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. Pancreas. 2010;39:1205–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Talamini G, Falconi M, Bassi C, Sartori N, Salvia R, Caldiron E, Frulloni L, Di FV, Vaona B, Bovo P, Vantini I, Pederzoli P, Cavallini G. Incidence of cancer in the course of chronic pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:1253–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Howes N, Lerch MM, Greenhalf W, Stocken DD, Ellis I, Simon P, Truninger K, Ammann R, Cavallini G, Charnley RM, Uomo G, Delhaye M, Spicak J, Drumm B, Jansen J, Mountford R, Whitcomb DC, Neoptolemos JP. Clinical and genetic characteristics of hereditary pancreatitis in Europe. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2:252–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Whitcomb DC. Hereditary pancreatitis: new insights into acute and chronic pancreatitis. Gut. 1999;45:317–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Perrault J. Hereditary pancreatitis. Gastroenterol Clin N Am. 1994;23:743–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Warshaw AL, Richter JM, Schapiro RH. The cause and treatment of pancreatitis associated with pancreas divisum. Ann Surg. 1983;198:443–52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Pandol SJ, Gukovsky I, Satoh A, Lugea A, Gukovskaya AS. Emerging concepts for the mechanism of alcoholic pancreatitis from experimental models. J Gastroenterol. 2003;38:623–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Apte M, Pirola R, Wilson J. New insights into alcoholic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24(Suppl 3):S51–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06071.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Omary MB, Lugea A, Lowe AW, Pandol SJ. The pancreatic stellate cell: a star on the rise in pancreatic diseases. J Clin Invest. 2007;117:50–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Apte MV, Pirola RC, Wilson JS. Pancreatic stellate cells: a starring role in normal and diseased pancreas. Front Physiol. 2012;3:344. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2012.00344. eCollection.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Xue J, Zhao Q, Sharma V, Nguyen LP, Lee YN, Pham KL, Edderkaoui M, Pandol SJ, Park W, Habtezion A. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands in cigarette smoke induce production of interleukin-22 to promote pancreatic fibrosis in models of chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 2016;151:1206–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Narendranathan M, Cheriyan A. Lack of association between cassava consumption and tropical pancreatitis syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1994;9:282–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Mahurkar S, Reddy DN, Rao GV, Chandak GR. Genetic mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of tropical calcific pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15:264–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, Cavallini G, Ammann RW, Lankisch PG, Andersen JR, DiMagno EP, Andren-Sandberg A, Domellof L. Pancreatitis and the risk of pancreatic cancer. International Pancreatitis Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1433–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Chari ST, Mohan V, Pitchumoni CS, Viswanathan M, Madanagopalan N, Lowenfels AB. Risk of pancreatic carcinoma in tropical calcifying pancreatitis: an epidemiologic study. Pancreas. 1994;9:62–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Midha S, Khajuria R, Shastri S, Kabra M, Garg PK. Idiopathic chronic pancreatitis in India: phenotypic characterisation and strong genetic susceptibility due to SPINK1 and CFTR gene mutations. Gut. 2010;59:800–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Ramesh H. Idiopathic chronic pancreatitis in India. Gut. 2011;60:1440–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Balakrishnan V, Unnikrishnan AG, Thomas V, Choudhuri G, Veeraraju P, Singh SP, Garg P, Pai CG, Devi RN, Bhasin D, Jayanthi V, Premalatha N, Chacko A, Kar P, Rai RR, Rajan R, Subhalal N, Mehta R, Mishra SP, Dwivedi M, Vinayakumar KR, Jain AK, Biswas K, Mathai S, Varghese J, Ramesh H, Alexander T, Philip J, Raj VV, Vinodkumar A, Mukevar S, Sawant P, Nair P, Kumar H, Sudhindran S, Dhar P, Sudheer OV, Sundaram KR, Tantri BV, Singh D, Nath TR. Chronic pancreatitis. A prospective nationwide study of 1,086 subjects from India. JOP. 2008;9:593–600.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Augustine P, Ramesh H. Is tropical pancreatitis premalignant? Am J Gastroenterol. 1992;87:1005–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Majumder S, Takahashi N, Chari ST. Autoimmune pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2017;62:10–4541.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Chari ST, Takahashi N, Levy MJ, Smyrk TC, Clain JE, Pearson RK, Petersen B, Topazian M, Vege SS. A diagnostic strategy to distinguish autoimmune pancreatitis from pancreatic cancer. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:1097–103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Ikeura T, Miyoshi H, Shimatani M, Uchida K, Takaoka M, Okazaki K. Long-term outcomes of autoimmune pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;22(34):7760–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Comfort MW. Chronic relapsing pancreatitis without associated disease of the biliary or gastrointestinal tract. Collect Papers Mayo Clinic Mayo Found. 1946;38:58–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Ramesh H. Natural history of alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 1997;112:1777–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Nojgaard C, Becker U, Matzen P, Andersen JR, Holst C, Bendtsen F. Progression from acute to chronic pancreatitis: prognostic factors, mortality, and natural course. Pancreas. 2011;40:1195–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Yadav D, O’Connell M, Papachristou GI. Natural history following the first attack of acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107:1096–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Chen JM, Ferec C. Genetics and pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis: the 2012 update. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2012;36:334–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Paliwal S, Bhaskar S, Chandak GR. Genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity in tropical calcific pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:17314–23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Masamune A. Genetics of pancreatitis: the 2014 update. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2014;232:69–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Derikx MH, Drenth JP. Genetic factors in chronic pancreatitis; implications for diagnosis, management and prognosis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2010;24:251–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Bradley EL. Pancreatic duct pressure in chronic pancreatitis. Am J Surg. 1982;144:313–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Ebbehoj N. Pancreatic tissue fluid pressure and pain in chronic pancreatitis. Dan Med Bull. 1992;39:128–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Whitcomb DC. Genetic polymorphisms in alcoholic pancreatitis. Dig Dis. 2005;23:247–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Talukdar R, Reddy DN. Pain in chronic pancreatitis: managing beyond the pancreatic duct. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19:6319–28.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Esposito I, Friess H, Kappeler A, Shrikhande S, Kleeff J, Ramesh H, Zimmermann A, Buchler MW. Mast cell distribution and activation in chronic pancreatitis. Hum Pathol. 2001;32:1174–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Anaparthy R, Pasricha PJ. Pain and chronic pancreatitis: is it the plumbing or the wiring? Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2008;10:101–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Friess H, Shrikhande S, Shrikhande M, Martignoni M, Kulli C, Zimmermann A, Kappeler A, Ramesh H, Buchler M. Neural alterations in surgical stage chronic pancreatitis are independent of the underlying aetiology. Gut. 2002;50:682–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Adsay NV, Bandyopadhyay S, Basturk O, Othman M, Cheng JD, Kloppel G, Klimstra DS. Chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma? Semin Diagn Pathol. 2004;21:268–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Adsay NV, Basturk O, Thirabanjasak D. Diagnostic features and differential diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2005;22:309–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Hart PA, Levy MJ, Smyrk TC, Takahashi N, Abu Dayyeh BK, Clain JE, Gleeson FC, Pearson RK, Petersen BT, Topazian MD, Vege SS, Zhang L, Chari ST. Clinical profiles and outcomes in idiopathic duct-centric chronic pancreatitis (type 2 autoimmune pancreatitis): the Mayo Clinic experience. Gut. 2016;65:1702–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Sarles H. Classification and definition of pancreatitis. Marseilles-Rome 1988. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1989;13:857–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Axon AT, Classen M, Cotton PB, Cremer M, Freeny PC, Lees WR. Pancreatography in chronic pancreatitis: international definitions. Gut. 1984;25:1107–12.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Etemad B, Whitcomb DC. Chronic pancreatitis: diagnosis, classification, and new genetic developments. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:682–707.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Ramesh H. Proposal for a new grading system for chronic pancreatitis: the ABC system. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2002;35:67–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Bagul A, Siriwardena AK. Evaluation of the Manchester classification system for chronic pancreatitis. JOP. 2006;7:390–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Schneider A, Lohr JM, Singer MV. The M-ANNHEIM classification of chronic pancreatitis: introduction of a unifying classification system based on a review of previous classifications of the disease. J Gastroenterol. 2007;42:101–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Buchler MW, Martignoni ME, Friess H, Malfertheiner P. A proposal for a new clinical classification of chronic pancreatitis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2009;9:93. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-230X-9-93.:93-99.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Lohr JM, Dominguez-Munoz E, Rosendahl J, Besselink M, Mayerle J, Lerch MM, Haas S, Akisik F, Kartalis N, Iglesias-Garcia J, Keller J, Boermeester M, Werner J, Dumonceau JM, Fockens P, Drewes A, Ceyhan G, Lindkvist B, Drenth J, Ewald N, Hardt P, de Madaria E, Witt H, Schneider A, Manfredi R, Brondum FJ, Rudolf S, Bollen T, Bruno M. United European Gastroenterology evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and therapy of chronic pancreatitis (HaPanEU). United Eur Gastroenterol J. 2017;5:153–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Malfertheiner P, Buchler M. Correlation of imaging and function in chronic pancreatitis. Radiol Clin N Am. 1989;27:51–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Malfertheiner P, Pieramico O, Buchler M, Ditschuneit H. Relationship between pancreatic function and pain in chronic pancreatitis. Acta Chir Scand. 1990;156:267–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Iglesias-Garcia J, Larino-Noia J, Lindkvist B, Dominguez-Munoz JE. Endoscopic ultrasound in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2015;107:221–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Kumar S, Gress F, Green PH, Lebwohl B. Chronic pancreatitis is a common finding in celiac patients who undergo endoscopic ultrasound. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0000000000000726.

  64. Kuwahara T, Hirooka Y, Kawashima H, Ohno E, Ishikawa T, Kawai M, Suhara H, Takeyama T, Hashizume K, Koya T, Tanaka H, Sakai D, Yamamura T, Furukawa K, Funasaka K, Nakamura M, Miyahara R, Watanabe O, Ishigami M, Hashimoto S, Goto H. Quantitative diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis using EUS elastography. J Gastroenterol. 2016;52(7):868–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Kamath MG, Pai CG, Kamath A, Kurien A. Comparing acid steatocrit and faecal elastase estimations for use in M-ANNHEIM staging for pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23:2217–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Ichikawa T, Sou H, Araki T, Arbab AS, Yoshikawa T, Ishigame K, Haradome H, Hachiya J. Duct-penetrating sign at MRCP: usefulness for differentiating inflammatory pancreatic mass from pancreatic carcinomas. Radiology. 2001;221:107–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Ramesh H, Augustine P. Surgery in tropical pancreatitis: analysis of risk factors. Br J Surg. 1992;79:544–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Bali MA, Sztantics A, Metens T, Arvanitakis M, Delhaye M, Deviere J, Matos C. Quantification of pancreatic exocrine function with secretin-enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: normal values and short-term effects of pancreatic duct drainage procedures in chronic pancreatitis. Initial results. Eur Radiol. 2005;15:2110–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Sidhu SS, Nundy S, Tandon RK. The effect of the modified puestow procedure on diabetes in patients with tropical chronic pancreatitis – a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:107–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Nealon WH, Townsend CM Jr, Thompson JC. Operative drainage of the pancreatic duct delays functional impairment in patients with chronic pancreatitis. A prospective analysis. Ann Surg. 1988;208:321–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Nealon WH, Thompson JC. Progressive loss of pancreatic function in chronic pancreatitis is delayed by main pancreatic duct decompression. A longitudinal prospective analysis of the modified puestow procedure. Ann Surg. 1993;217:458–66.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Yang CJ, Bliss LA, Schapira EF, Freedman SD, Ng SC, Windsor JA, Tseng JF. Systematic review of early surgery for chronic pancreatitis: impact on pain, pancreatic function, and re-intervention. J Gastrointest Surg. 2014;18:1863–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Yang CJ, Bliss LA, Freedman SD, Sheth S, Vollmer CM, Ng SC, Callery MP, Tseng JF. Surgery for chronic pancreatitis: the role of early surgery in pain management. Pancreas. 2015;44:819–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Ahmed AU, Issa Y, Bruno MJ, van Goor H, van Santvoort H, Busch OR, Dejong CH, Nieuwenhuijs VB, van Eijck CH, van Dullemen HM, Fockens P, Siersema PD, Gouma DJ, van Hooft JE, Keulemans Y, Poley JW, Timmer R, Besselink MG, Vleggaar FP, Wilder-Smith OH, Gooszen HG, Dijkgraaf MG, Boermeester MA. Early surgery versus optimal current step-up practice for chronic pancreatitis (ESCAPE): design and rationale of a randomized trial. BMC Gastroenterol. 2013;13:49. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-230X-13-49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Ueda J, Tanaka M, Ohtsuka T, Tokunaga S, Shimosegawa T. Surgery for chronic pancreatitis decreases the risk for pancreatic cancer: a multicenter retrospective analysis. Surgery. 2013;153:357–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Bloechle C, Izbicki JR, Knoefel WT, Kuechler T, Broelsch CE. Quality of life in chronic pancreatitis – results after duodenum-preserving resection of the head of the pancreas. Pancreas. 1995;11:77–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Wilder-Smith CH, Hill L, Osler W, O’Keefe S. Effect of tramadol and morphine on pain and gastrointestinal motor function in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 1999;44:1107–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Bouwense SA, Olesen SS, Drewes AM, Poley JW, van Goor H, Wilder-Smith OH. Effects of pregabalin on central sensitization in patients with chronic pancreatitis in a randomized, controlled trial. PLoS One. 2012;7:e42096.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Gurusamy KS, Lusuku C, Davidson BR. Pregabalin for decreasing pancreatic pain in chronic pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2:CD011522. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011522.pub2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Olesen SS, Bouwense SA, Wilder-Smith OH, van Goor H, Drewes AM. Pregabalin reduces pain in patients with chronic pancreatitis in a randomized, controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2011;141:536–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Bhardwaj P, Garg PK, Maulik SK, Saraya A, Tandon RK, Acharya SK. A randomized controlled trial of antioxidant supplementation for pain relief in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 2009;136:149–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Zhou D, Wang W, Cheng X, Wei J, Zheng S. Antioxidant therapy for patients with chronic pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr. 2015;34:627–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Ahmed AU, Jens S, Busch OR, Keus F, van Goor H, Gooszen HG, Boermeester MA. Antioxidants for pain in chronic pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;8:CD008945.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Shafiq N, Rana S, Bhasin D, Pandhi P, Srivastava P, Sehmby SS, Kumar R, Malhotra S. Pancreatic enzymes for chronic pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;4:CD006302.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Singh S, Midha S, Singh N, Joshi YK, Garg PK. Dietary counseling versus dietary supplements for malnutrition in chronic pancreatitis: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6:353–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Singh G, Bedi MM, Abraham B, Lekha V, Venugopal B, Ramesh H. Definitive surgery in chronic pancreatitis during a phase of acute exacerbation: is it safe? Pancreatology. 2011;11(Supplement 1):35.

    Google Scholar 

  87. DiMagno EP, Go VL, Summerskill WH. Relations between pancreatic enzyme outputs and malabsorption in severe pancreatic insufficiency. N Engl J Med. 1973;288:813–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Dominguez Munoz JE. Diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis: functional testing. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2010;24:233–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Thorat V, Reddy N, Bhatia S, Bapaye A, Rajkumar JS, Kini DD, Kalla MM, Ramesh H. Randomised clinical trial: the efficacy and safety of pancreatin enteric-coated minimicrospheres (Creon 40000 MMS) in patients with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency due to chronic pancreatitis – a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;36:426–36.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Ramesh H, Reddy N, Bhatia S, Rajkumar JS, Bapaye A, Kini D, Kalla M, Thorat V. A 51-week, open-label clinical trial in India to assess the efficacy and safety of pancreatin 40000 enteric-coated minimicrospheres in patients with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency due to chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatology. 2013;13:133–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Windsor JA. Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy in chronic pancreatitis: a long way to go. Gut. 2017;66(8):1354–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Dumonceau JM, Delhaye M, Tringali A, Dominguez-Munoz JE, Poley JW, Arvanitaki M, Costamagna G, Costea F, Deviere J, Eisendrath P, Lakhtakia S, Reddy N, Fockens P, Ponchon T, Bruno M. Endoscopic treatment of chronic pancreatitis: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) clinical guideline. Endoscopy. 2012;44:784–800.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Tandan M, Reddy DN, Santosh D, Vinod K, Ramchandani M, Rajesh G, Rama K, Lakhtakia S, Banerjee R, Pratap N, Venkat RG. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and endotherapy for pancreatic calculi-a large single center experience. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2010;29:143–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Adamek HE, Jakobs R, Buttmann A, Adamek MU, Schneider AR, Riemann JF. Long term follow up of patients with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic stones treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Gut. 1999;45:402–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Brand B, Kahl M, Sidhu S, Nam VC, Sriram PV, Jaeckle S, Thonke F, Soehendra N. Prospective evaluation of morphology, function, and quality of life after extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy and endoscopic treatment of chronic calcific pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:3428–38.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Costamagna G, Gabbrielli A, Mutignani M, Perri V, Pandolfi M, Boscaini M, Crucitti F. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of pancreatic stones in chronic pancreatitis: immediate and medium-term results. Gastrointest Endosc. 1997;46:231–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Delhaye M, Vandermeeren A, Baize M, Cremer M. Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy of pancreatic calculi. Gastroenterology. 1992;102:610–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Delhaye M, Arvanitakis M, Bali M, Matos C, Deviere J. Endoscopic therapy for chronic pancreatitis. Scand J Surg. 2005;94:143–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Dumonceau JM, Deviere J, Le MO, Delhaye M, Vandermeeren A, Baize M, Van GD, Cremer M. Endoscopic pancreatic drainage in chronic pancreatitis associated with ductal stones: long-term results. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996;43:547–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Dumonceau JM, Vonlaufen A. Pancreatic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Endoscopy. 2007;39:124–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Farnbacher MJ, Schoen C, Rabenstein T, Benninger J, Hahn EG, Schneider HT. Pancreatic duct stones in chronic pancreatitis: criteria for treatment intensity and success. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56:501–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Kozarek RA, Brandabur JJ, Ball TJ, Gluck M, Patterson DJ, Attia F, France R, Traverso LW, Koslowski P, Gibbons RP. Clinical outcomes in patients who undergo extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for chronic calcific pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56:496–500.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Schneider HT, May A, Benninger J, Rabenstein T, Hahn EG, Katalinic A, Ell C. Piezoelectric shock wave lithotripsy of pancreatic duct stones. Am J Gastroenterol. 1994;89:2042–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Seven G, Schreiner MA, Ross AS, Lin OS, Gluck M, Gan SI, Irani S, Brandabur JJ, Patterson D, Kuhr C, Kozarek R. Long-term outcomes associated with pancreatic extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for chronic calcific pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;75:997–1004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Tringali A, Boskoski I, Costamagna G. The role of endoscopy in the therapy of chronic pancreatitis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;22:145–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Lapp RT, Wolf JS Jr, Faerber GJ, Roberts WW, McCarthy ST, Anderson MA, Wamsteker EJ, Elta GH, Scheiman JM, Kwon RS. Duct diameter and size of stones predict successful extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and endoscopic clearance in patients with chronic pancreatitis and pancreaticolithiasis. Pancreas. 2016;45:1208–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Binmoeller KF, Rathod VD, Soehendra N. Endoscopic therapy of pancreatic strictures. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 1998;8:125–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Cremer M, Deviere J, Delhaye M, Balze M, Vandermeeren A. Stenting in severe chronic pancreatitis: results of medium-term follow-up in seventy-six patients. Bildgebung. 1992;59(Suppl 1):20–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Eleftherladis N, Dinu F, Delhaye M, Le MO, Baize M, Vandermeeren A, Hookey L, Deviere J. Long-term outcome after pancreatic stenting in severe chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopy. 2005;37:223–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Ishihara T, Yamaguchi T, Seza K, Tadenuma H, Saisho H. Efficacy of s-type stents for the treatment of the main pancreatic duct stricture in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2006;41:744–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Morgan DE, Smith JK, Hawkins K, Wilcox CM. Endoscopic stent therapy in advanced chronic pancreatitis: relationships between ductal changes, clinical response, and stent patency. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:821–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Ponchon T, Bory RM, Hedelius F, Roubein LD, Paliard P, Napoleon B, Chavaillon A. Endoscopic stenting for pain relief in chronic pancreatitis: results of a standardized protocol. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995;42:452–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Smits ME, Badiga SM, Rauws EA, Tytgat GN, Huibregtse K. Long-term results of pancreatic stents in chronic pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995;42:461–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Vitale GC, Cothron K, Vitale EA, Rangnekar N, Zavaleta CM, Larson GM, Binford J, Hammond B. Role of pancreatic duct stenting in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis. Surg Endosc. 2004;18:1431–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Weber A, Schneider J, Neu B, Meining A, Born P, von Delius S, Bajbouj M, Schmid RM, Algul H, Prinz C. Endoscopic stent therapy in patients with chronic pancreatitis: a 5-year follow-up study. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19:715–20.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  116. Gupta R, Reddy DN. Stent selection for both biliary and pancreatic strictures caused by chronic pancreatitis: multiple plastic stents or metallic stents? J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2011;18:636–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Ogura T, Kurisu Y, Yamamoto K, Masuda D, Imoto A, Fukunishi S, Higuchi K. Placement of a novel fully covered metallic stent for refractory pancreatic duct stricture. Endoscopy. 2015;47(Suppl 1):E206–7. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1391652.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Park DH, Kim MH, Moon SH, Lee SS, Seo DW, Lee SK. Feasibility and safety of placement of a newly designed, fully covered self-expandable metal stent for refractory benign pancreatic ductal strictures: a pilot study (with video). Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;68:1182–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Farnbacher MJ, Muhldorfer S, Wehler M, Fischer B, Hahn EG, Schneider HT. Interventional endoscopic therapy in chronic pancreatitis including temporary stenting: a definitive treatment? Scand J Gastroenterol. 2006;41:111–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Ahmed AU, Nieuwenhuijs VB, van Eijck CH, Gooszen HG, van Dam RM, Busch OR, Dijkgraaf MG, Mauritz FA, Jens S, Mast J, van Goor H, Boermeester MA. Clinical outcome in relation to timing of surgery in chronic pancreatitis: a nomogram to predict pain relief. Arch Surg. 2012;147:925–32.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Das R, Papachristou GI, Slivka A, Easler JJ, Chennat J, Malin J, Herman JB, Laique SN, Hayat U, Ooi YS, Rabinovitz M, Yadav D, Siddiqui AA. Endotherapy is effective for pancreatic ductal disruption: a dual center experience. Pancreatology. 2016;16:278–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Adler JM, Gardner TB. Endoscopic therapies for chronic pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2017;62:10–4502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Deviere J, Nageshwar RD, Puspok A, Ponchon T, Bruno MJ, Bourke MJ, Neuhaus H, Roy A, Gonzalez-Huix LF, Barkun AN, Kortan PP, Navarrete C, Peetermans J, Blero D, Lakhtakia S, Dolak W, Lepilliez V, Poley JW, Tringali A, Costamagna G. Successful management of benign biliary strictures with fully covered self-expanding metal stents. Gastroenterology. 2014;147:385–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Sanchez CE, Maalak A, Le MO, Baize M, Delhaye M, Matos C, Deviere J. Endoscopic cystenterostomy of nonbulging pancreatic fluid collections. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56:380–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. Cooper ST, Malick J, McGrath K, Slivka A, Sanders MK. EUS-guided rendezvous for the treatment of pancreaticopleural fistula in a patient with chronic pancreatitis and pancreas pseudodivisum. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;71:652–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Das K, Kitano M, Komaki T, Sakamoto H, Noda K, Suetomi Y, Kudo M. Pancreatic ductal drainage by endoscopic ultrasound-assisted rendezvous technique for pain caused by ductal stricture with chronic pancreatitis. Dig Endosc. 2010;22:217–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Saftoiu A, Dumitrescu D, Stoica M, Gheonea DI, Ciurea T, Georgescu A, Andrei E. EUS-assisted rendezvous stenting of the pancreatic duct for chronic calcifying pancreatitis with multiple pseudocysts. Pancreatology. 2007;7:74–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Will U, Meyer F, Manger T, Wanzar I. Endoscopic ultrasound-assisted rendezvous maneuver to achieve pancreatic duct drainage in obstructive chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopy. 2005;37:171–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Will U, Fueldner F, Thieme AK, Goldmann B, Gerlach R, Wanzar I, Meyer F. Transgastric pancreatography and EUS-guided drainage of the pancreatic duct. J Hepato-Biliary-Pancreat Surg. 2007;14:377–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  130. Collins D, Penman I, Mishra G, Draganov P. EUS-guided celiac block and neurolysis. Endoscopy. 2006;38:935–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Gress F, Schmitt C, Sherman S, Ikenberry S, Lehman G. A prospective randomized comparison of endoscopic ultrasound- and computed tomography-guided celiac plexus block for managing chronic pancreatitis pain. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:900–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Gress F, Schmitt C, Sherman S, Ciaccia D, Ikenberry S, Lehman G. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided celiac plexus block for managing abdominal pain associated with chronic pancreatitis: a prospective single center experience. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:409–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Ugur F, Gulcu N, Boyaci A. Celiac plexus block with the long stylet needle technique. Adv Ther. 2007;24:296–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Dite P, Ruzicka M, Zboril V, Novotny I. A prospective, randomized trial comparing endoscopic and surgical therapy for chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopy. 2003;35:553–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Cahen DL, Gouma DJ, Nio Y, Rauws EA, Boermeester MA, Busch OR, Stoker J, Lameris JS, Dijkgraaf MG, Huibregtse K, Bruno MJ. Endoscopic versus surgical drainage of the pancreatic duct in chronic pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:676–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Cahen DL, Gouma DJ, Laramee P, Nio Y, Rauws EA, Boermeester MA, Busch OR, Fockens P, Kuipers EJ, Pereira SP, Wonderling D, Dijkgraaf MG, Bruno MJ. Long-term outcomes of endoscopic vs surgical drainage of the pancreatic duct in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 2011;141:1690–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Windsor JA, Reddy ND. Endoscopic vs. surgical interventions for painful chronic pancreatitis: what is needed for future clinical trials. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2017;8:e213.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  138. Schnelldorfer T, Adams DB, Warshaw AL, Lillemoe KD, Sarr MG. Forgotten pioneers of pancreatic surgery: beyond the favorite few. Ann Surg. 2008;247:191–202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Mannell A, Adson MA, McIlrath DC, Ilstrup DM. Surgical management of chronic pancreatitis: long-term results in 141 patients. Br J Surg. 1988;75:467–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Forsmark CE. Chronic pancreatitis. In: Feldmann M, Friedman L, Brandt L, editors. Sleisinger and Fordtran’s gastrointestina and liver disease: pathophysiology diagnosis & management. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2010. p. 985–1014.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  141. Ammori BJ. Pancreatic surgery in the laparoscopic era. JOP. 2003;4:187–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Carlin A, Fromm D. Pancreaticoduodenectomy for recurrent alcoholic pancreatitis associated with microabscesses. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1993;176:315–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Frey CF, Suzuki M, Isaji S, Zhu Y. Pancreatic resection for chronic pancreatitis. Surg Clin North Am. 1989;69:499–528.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Gebhardt C. Surgical treatment of pain in chronic pancreatitis. Role of the Whipple procedure. Acta Chir Scand. 1990;156:303–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Hsu JT, Yeh CN, Hwang TL, Chen HM, Jan YY, Chen MF. Outcome of pancreaticoduodenectomy for chronic pancreatitis. J Formos Med Assoc. 2005;104:811–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Jimenez RE, Fernandez-Del CC, Rattner DW, Warshaw AL. Pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis. World J Surg. 2003;27:1211–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Klempa I, Spatny M, Menzel J, Baca I, Nustede R, Stockmann F, Arnold W. Pancreatic function and quality of life after resection of the head of the pancreas in chronic pancreatitis. A prospective, randomized comparative study after duodenum preserving resection of the head of the pancreas versus Whipple’s operation. Chirurg. 1995;66:350–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Strate T, Bachmann K, Busch P, Mann O, Schneider C, Bruhn JP, Yekebas E, Kuechler T, Bloechle C, Izbicki JR. Resection vs drainage in treatment of chronic pancreatitis: long-term results of a randomized trial. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:1406–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Bachmann K, Tomkoetter L, Kutup A, Erbes J, Vashist Y, Mann O, Bockhorn M, Izbicki JR. Is the Whipple procedure harmful for long-term outcome in treatment of chronic pancreatitis? 15-years follow-up comparing the outcome after pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy and Frey procedure in chronic pancreatitis. Ann Surg. 2013;258:815–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Alexakis N, Ghaneh P, Connor S, Raraty M, Sutton R, Neoptolemos JP. Duodenum- and spleen-preserving total pancreatectomy for end-stage chronic pancreatitis. Br J Surg. 2003;90:1401–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Behrman SW, Mulloy M. Total pancreatectomy for the treatment of chronic pancreatitis: indications, outcomes, and recommendations. Am Surg. 2006;72:297–302.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Fleming WR, Williamson RC. Role of total pancreatectomy in the treatment of patients with end-stage chronic pancreatitis. Br J Surg. 1995;82:1409–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Beger HG, Schlosser W, Friess HM, Buchler MW. Duodenum-preserving head resection in chronic pancreatitis changes the natural course of the disease: a single-center 26-year experience. Ann Surg. 1999;230:512–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Ho CK, Kleeff J, Friess H, Buchler MW. Complications of pancreatic surgery. HPB (Oxford). 2005;7:99–108.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  155. Aimoto T, Uchida E, Nakamura Y, Yamahatsu K, Matsushita A, Katsuno A, Cho K, Kawamoto M. Current surgical treatment for chronic pancreatitis. J Nippon Med Sch. 2011;78:352–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Amikura K, Arai K, Kobari M, Matsuno S. Surgery for chronic pancreatitis – extended pancreaticojejunostomy. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 1997;44:1547–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Andersen DK, Topazian MD. Pancreatic head excavation: a variation on the theme of duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection. Arch Surg. 2004;139:375–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Chiang KC, Yeh CN, Hsu JT, Chen HM, Chen HY, Hwang TL, Jan YY, Chen MF. Pancreaticoduodenectomy versus Frey’s procedure for chronic pancreatitis: preliminary data on outcome and pancreatic function. Surg Today. 2007;37:961–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Egawa S, Motoi F, Sakata N, Kitamura Y, Nakagawa K, Ohtsuka H, Hayashi H, Morikawa T, Omura N, Ottomo S, Yoshida H, Onogawa T, Yamamoto K, Akada M, Rikiyama T, Katayose Y, Matsuno S, Unno M. Assessment of Frey procedures: Japanese experience. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2010;17:745–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Falconi M, Bassi C, Casetti L, Mantovani W, Mascetta G, Sartori N, Frulloni L, Pederzoli P. Long-term results of Frey’s procedure for chronic pancreatitis: a longitudinal prospective study on 40 patients. J Gastrointest Surg. 2006;10:504–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Gestic MA, Callejas-Neto F, Chaim EA, Utrini MP, Cazzo E, Pareja JC. Surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis using Frey’s procedure: a Brazilian 16-year single-centre experience. HPB (Oxford). 2011;13:263–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  162. Negi S, Singh A, Chaudhary A. Pain relief after Frey’s procedure for chronic pancreatitis. Br J Surg. 2010;97:1087–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Amudhan A, Balachandar TG, Kannan DG, Rajarathinam G, Vimalraj V, Rajendran S, Ravichandran P, Jeswanth S, Surendran R. Factors affecting outcome after Frey procedure for chronic pancreatitis. HPB (Oxford). 2008;10:477–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  164. Ramesh H, Rather S, Wani MA, Mahesh S, Venugopal B, Venugopal A. Short and long term outcomes after Frey procedure for chronic pancreatitis. HPB (Oxford). 2012;12(Supplement 2):1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Kutup A, Vashist Y, Kaifi JT, Yekebas EF, Izbicki JR. For which type of chronic pancreatitis is the “Hamburg procedure” indicated? J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2010;17:758–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Gloor B, Friess H, Uhl W, Buchler MW. A modified technique of the Beger and Frey procedure in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Dig Surg. 2001;18:21–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Klaiber U, Alldinger I, Probst P, Bruckner T, Contin P, Koninger J, Hackert T, Buchler MW, Diener MK. Duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection: 10-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial comparing the Beger procedure with the Berne modification. Surgery. 2016;160:127–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Ramesh H. The Beger, Frey, & Berne procedure: how to do them safely. In: Chattopadhyay TK, Sahni P, Pal S, editors. GI surgery annual 16, 13-20. New Delhi: Indian Association of Surgical Gastroenterology; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Koninger J, Seiler CM, Sauerland S, Wente MN, Reidel MA, Muller MW, Friess H, Buchler MW. Duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection – a randomized controlled trial comparing the original Beger procedure with the Berne modification (ISRCTN No. 50638764). Surgery. 2008;143:490–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Sutherland DE, Radosevich DM, Bellin MD, Hering BJ, Beilman GJ, Dunn TB, Chinnakotla S, Vickers SM, Bland B, Balamurugan AN, Freeman ML, Pruett TL. Total pancreatectomy and islet autotransplantation for chronic pancreatitis. J Am Coll Surg. 2012;214:409–24.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  171. Kesseli SJ, Wagar M, Jung MK, Smith KD, Lin YK, Walsh RM, Hatipoglu B, Freeman ML, Pruett TL, Beilman GJ, Sutherland DE, Dunn TB, Axelrod DA, Chaidarun SS, Stevens TK, Bellin M, Gardner TB. Long-term glycaemic control in adult patients undergoing remote vs. local total pancreatectomy with Islet autotransplantation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112:643–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Ho HS, Frey CF. The Frey procedure: local resection of pancreatic head combined with lateral pancreaticojejunostomy. Arch Surg. 2001;136:1353–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Mahesh S, Lekha V, Manipadam JM, Venugopal A, Ramesh H. What can be done when the cored specimen in a Frey procedure for chronic pancreatitis is reported as adenocarcinoma? Indian J Gastroenterol. 2016;35:486–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Ramesh H, Jacob G, Lekha V, Venugopal A. Ductal drainage with head coring in chronic pancreatitis with small-duct disease. J Hepato-Biliary-Pancreat Surg. 2003;10:366–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  175. Ramesh H. Management of pain in small duct chronic pancreatitis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2006;10:1190.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Yekebas EF, Bogoevski D, Honarpisheh H, Cataldegirmen G, Habermann CR, Seewald S, Link BC, Kaifi JT, Wolfram L, Mann O, Bubenheim M, Izbicki JR. Long-term follow-up in small duct chronic pancreatitis: a plea for extended drainage by “V-shaped excision” of the anterior aspect of the pancreas. Ann Surg. 2006;244:940–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  177. Izbicki JR, Bloechle C, Broering DC, Kuechler T, Broelsch CE. Longitudinal V-shaped excision of the ventral pancreas for small duct disease in severe chronic pancreatitis: prospective evaluation of a new surgical procedure. Ann Surg. 1998;227:213–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Ramesh H, Jacob G, Venugopal A, Lekha V, Jacob M. Surgical management of chronic pancreatitis with portal hypertension – a 19-year experience. Surgery. 2008;143:252–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Bockhorn M, Gebauer F, Bogoevski D, Molmenti E, Cataldegirmen G, Vashist YK, Yekebas EF, Izbicki JR, Mann O. Chronic pancreatitis complicated by cavernous transformation of the portal vein: contraindication to surgery? Surgery. 2011;149:321–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Palanivelu C, Ahluwalia JS, Parthasarathi R, Palanisami S, Vaithiswaran V, Rajapandian S, Palanivelu P. Laparoendoscopic single-site lateral pancreaticojejunostomy. Pancreatology. 2011;11:500–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Eid GM, Entabi F, Watson AR, Zuckerbraun BS, Wilson MA. Robotic-assisted laparoscopic side-to-side lateral pancreaticojejunostomy. J Gastrointest Surg. 2011;15:1243–495.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Meehan JJ, Sawin R. Robotic lateral pancreaticojejunostomy (Puestow). J Pediatr Surg. 2011;46:e5–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Galvani CA, Rodriguez RH, Samame J, Porubsky M, Rana A, Gruessner RW. Fully robotic-assisted technique for total pancreatectomy with an autologous islet transplant in chronic pancreatitis patients: results of a first series. J Am Coll Surg. 2014;218:e73–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Giulianotti P, Gorodner V, Kinzer K, Benedetti E, Oberholzer J. Robot-assisted pancreatoduodenectomy with preservation of the vascular supply for autologous islet cell isolation and transplantation: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2012;6:74. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-1947-6-74.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  185. Kurian MS, Gagner M. Laparoscopic side-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy (Partington-Rochelle) for chronic pancreatitis. J Hepato-Biliary-Pancreat Surg. 1999;6:382–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Santoro E, Carlini M, Carboni F. Laparoscopic pancreatic surgery: indications, techniques and preliminary results. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 1999;46:1174–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Glaser C, Muller W, Zerz A, Szinicz G. Laparoscopic latero-lateral pancreaticojejunostomy. Chirurg. 2000;71:456–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Tantia O, Jindal MK, Khanna S, Sen B. Laparoscopic lateral pancreaticojejunostomy: our experience of 17 cases. Surg Endosc. 2004;18:1054–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Palanivelu C, Shetty R, Jani K, Rajan PS, Sendhilkumar K, Parthasarthi R, Malladi V. Laparoscopic lateral pancreaticojejunostomy: a new remedy for an old ailment. Surg Endosc. 2006;20:458–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Khaled YS, Ammori BJ. Laparoscopic lateral pancreaticojejunostomy and laparoscopic Berne modification of Beger procedure for the treatment of chronic pancreatitis: the first UK experience. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2014;24:e178–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Deie K, Uchida H, Kawashima H, Tanaka Y, Fujiogi M, Amano H, Murase N, Tainaka T. Laparoscopic side-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy for chronic pancreatitis in children. J Minim Access Surg. 2016;12:370–2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  192. Kim EY, Hong TH. Laparoscopic longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy using barbed sutures: an efficient and secure solution for pancreatic duct obstructions in patients with chronic pancreatitis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2016;20:861–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Wassef W, DeWitt J, McGreevy K, et al. Pancreatitis quality of life instrument: a psychometric evaluation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111(8):1177–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgical Gastroenterology and Liver Transplantation, VPS Lakeshore Hospital, Cochin, India

    Hariharan Ramesh

Authors
  1. Hariharan Ramesh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medanta – The Medicity, Gurgaon, Haryana, India

    Savio George Barreto

  2. Professor of Surgery, HBP/Upper GI Surgeon, Auckland City Hospital, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

    John A. Windsor

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ramesh, H. (2018). Chronic Pancreatitis. In: Barreto, S., Windsor, J. (eds) Surgical Diseases of the Pancreas and Biliary Tree. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8755-4_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8755-4_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-10-8754-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-10-8755-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation