Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Introduction

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Active Tectonics of Kumaun and Garhwal Himalaya

Part of the book series: Springer Natural Hazards ((SPRINGERNAT))

  • 416 Accesses

Abstract

Evolution of Himalaya and the reason for seismicity, MHT is an active fault, mechanics of Himalayan earthquakes are discussed. Compilation of knowledge garnered in multi-disciplinary studies involved in understanding of seismic hazard in general, and Kumaun-Garhwal Himalaya regions in particulars have been discussed with lucid new maps draped on modern Cartosat or SRTM DEM Data. Active faults are associated with the earthquakes. Earthquake surveys in many parts of the world have demonstrated that the maximum damage to infrastructure and property occurred on or close to the surface rupture of the earthquakes. Finally, briefly discussed classification of Uttarakhand Himalaya and window-wise selected locations for active fault mapping.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ader T, Avouac JP, Liu-Zeng J, Lyon-Caen H et al (2012) Convergence rate across the Nepal Himalaya and interseismic coupling on the Main Himalayan Thrust: implications for seismic hazard. J Geophys Res 117:B04403. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB009071

  • Ahmad T, Harris N, Bickle M, Chapman H, Bunbury J, Prince C (2000) Isotopic constraints on the structural relationships between the Lesser Himalayan Series and the High Himalayan Crystalline Series, Garhwal Himalaya. Geol Soc Amer Bull 112:467–477

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ambraseys N, Bilham R (2000) A note on the Kangra Ms = 7.8 earthquake of 4 April 1905. Curr Sci 79:101–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Ambraseys N, Douglas J (2004) Magnitude calibration of North Indian earthquakes. J Geophys Int 159:165–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Armbruster et al (1978) The northwestern termination of the Himalayan Mountain Front: Active tectonics from microearthquakes January 1978. J Geophys Res Atmos 83(B1):269–282. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB083iB01p00269

  • Armijo R, Tapponnier P, Mercier J, Han T (1986) Quaternary extension in southern Tibet: field observations and tectonic implications. J Geophys Res 91(13):803–872

    Google Scholar 

  • Arora BR, Gahalaut VK, Kumar N (2012) Structural control on along strike variation in the seismicity of northwest Himalaya. J Asian Earth Sci 57:15–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aswathi NS (2012) Project report on Neotectonic activity on Main Boundary Thrust near Dehradun, Garhwal Himalaya. A report submitted to Indian Academy of Science, Bangalore, p 30

    Google Scholar 

  • Avouac J-P, Tapponnier P (1993) Kinematic model of active deformation in central Asia. Geophys Res Lett 20:895–898

    Google Scholar 

  • Avouac J-P, Ayoub F, Lefrince S, Konca K, Hellembergner DV (2006) The 2005, Mw 7.6, Kashmir earthquake: sub-pixel correlation of ASTER images and seismic wave form analysis. Earth Planet Sci Lett 249:514–528

    Google Scholar 

  • Avouac J-P, Meng L, Wei S, Wang T, Ampuero J-P (2015) Lower edge of locked Main Himalayan Thrust unzipped by the 2015 Gorkha earthquake. Nat Geosci 8:708–711

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baird-Smith R (1843) Memoir on Indian earthquakes. J Asia Soc Bengal 2(12):1029–1056

    Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee P, Burgmann R (2002) Convergence across the northwest Himalaya from GPS measurements. Geophys Res Lett 29:30-1–30-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beaumont C, Jamieson RA, Nguyen MH (2001) Himalayan tectonics explained by extrusion of a low velocity crustal channel coupled to focused surface denudation. Nature 414:738–742

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bettinelli P, Avouac JP, Flouzat M, Jouanne F, Bollinger L, Willis P, Chitrakarm G (2006) Plate motion of India and Interseismic strain in the Nepal Himalaya from GPS and DORIS measurements. J Geod 80:567–589

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bilham R (1995) Location and magnitude of the 1833 Nepal earthquake and its relation to the rupture zones of contiguous great Himalayan earthquakes. Curr Sci 69:101–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilham R, Larson K, Freymuller J (1997) Indo-Asian convergence rates in Nepal Himalaya. Nature 386:61–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bilham R, Gaur VK, Molnar P (2001) Himalayan seismic hazard. Science 293:1442–1444

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bollinger L, Sapkota SN, Tapponnier P, Klinger Y, Rizza M, Van der Woerd J, Tiwari DR, Pandey R, Bitri A, Bes de Berc S (2014) Estimating the return times of great Himalayan earthquakes in eastern Nepal: evidence from the Patu and Bardibas strand of the Main Frontal Thrust. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 119:7123–7163. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jb01090

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bollinger L, Tapponnier P, Sapkota SN, Klinger Y (2016) Slip deficit in central Nepal: omen for a repeat of the 1344 AD earthquake? Earth Planets Space 68:12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-016-0389-1

  • Bombolakis EG (1986) Thrust-fault mechanics and origin of a frontal ramp. J Struct Geol 8(3–4):281–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bombolakis G (1994) Applicability of critical-wedge theories to foreland belts. Geology 22:535–538

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown LD, Zhao WJ, Nelson DK, Hauck M, Alsdorf D, Ross A, Cogan M, Clark M, Che XW (1996) Bright spots, structure, and magmatism in southern Tibet from INDEPTH seismic reflection profiling. Science 274:1688–1690

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burges WP, Yinm A, Dubey CS, Shen ZK, Kelty TK (2012) Holocene shortening across the Main Frontal Thrust zone in the eastern Himalaya. Earth Planet Sci Lett 357–358:152–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell WB, Klemperer S, Lawrence JF, Rai SS, Ashish (2013) Characterizing the Main Himalayan Thrust in the Garhwal Himalaya, India with receiver function CCP stacking. Earth Planet Sci Lett 367:15–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Catlos EJ, Dubey CS, Marston RA, Harrison TM (2007) Geochronologic constraints across the Main Central Thrust shear zone, Bhagirathi River (NW India): Implications for Himalayan tectonics. In Cloos M, Carlson WD, Gilbert MC, Liou JG, Sorensen SS (eds) Convergent Margin Terranes and Associated Regions: A Tribute to W.G. Ernst: Geological Society of America Special Paper 419, 135–151. https://doi.org/10.1130/2006.2419(07)

  • Celerier J, Harrison TM, Webb AAG, Yin A (2009) The Kumaun and Garwhal Lesser Himalaya, India: part 1. Structure and stratigraphy. Geol Soc Am Bull 121:1262–1280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Champel B, Van der BP, Mugnier JL, Leturmy P (2002) Growth and lateral propagation of fault-related folds in the Siwaliks of western Nepal: rates, mechanisms, and geomorphic signature. J Geophys Res 107(B6):2.1–2.18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandra U (1992) Seismotectonics of Himalaya. Curr Sci 62:40–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen S, Molnar P (1990) Source parameters of earthquakes beneath the Shillong plateau and the Northern Indo-Burman ranges. J Geophys Res 95:12527–12552

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cotton F, Camplillo M, Deschamps A, Rastogi BK (1996) Rupture history and seismotectonics of the 1991 Uttarkashi, Himalayan earthquake. Tectonophysics 258:35–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Bremaecker JC (1987) Is the oceanic lithosphere elastic or viscous? J Geophys Res 82:2001–2004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeCelles PG, Gehrels GE, Quade J, Ojha TP (1998) Eocene–early Miocene foreland basin development and the history of Himalayan thrusting, western and central Nepal. Tectonics 17:741–765. https://doi.org/10.1029/98TC02598

  • DeCelles PG, Robinson DM, Quade J, Ojha TP, Carmala N, Garzione P, Copeland P, Upreti BN (2001) Stratigraphy, structure, and tectonic evolution of theHimalayan fold-thrust belt in western Nepal. Tectonics. 20:487–509

    Google Scholar 

  • Delcaillau B, Carozza JM, Laville E (2006) Recent fold growth and drainage development: the Janauri and Chandigarh anticlines in the Siwalik foothills, northwest India. Geomorphology 76:241–256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dubey AK, Jayangondaperumal (2005) One Pop-Up Klippen in the Mussoorie Syncline, Lesser Himalaya: Evidence from field and model deformation Studies. In Saklani PS (ed) Himalaya (Geological Aspects), vol 3, Satish Serial Publishing House, New Delhi, India, pp 203–222. ISBN: 9788189304041

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn JA, Auden JB, Ghosh AMN, Roy SC (1939) The Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 1934. Mem Geol Survey India 73:391 (reprinted 1981)

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldl N, Bilham R (2006) Great Himalayan earthquakes and the Tibetan plateau. Nature 444:165–170. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fielding EJ (2000) Morphotectonic evolution of the Himalayas and Tibetan plateau. In Summerfield MA (ed) Geomorphology and global tectonics. Wiley, Chichester, pp 201–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Gahalaut VK, Chander R (1999) Geodetic evidence for accumulation of earthquake generating strains in the NW Himalaya near 75.5E longitude. Bull Seism Soc America 89:837–843

    Google Scholar 

  • Gahalaut VK, Kundu B (2011) Possible influence of subducting ridges on the Himalayan arc and on the ruptures of great and major Himalayan earthquakes. Gondwana Res 21:1080–1088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2011.07.021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gavillot Y, Meigs A, Yule D, Heermance R, Rittenour T, Madugo C, Malik M (2016) Shortening rate and Holocene surface rupture on the Riasi fault system in the Kashmir Himalaya: active thrusting within the Northwest Himalayan orogenic wedge. Geol Soc Am Bull B31281-1

    Google Scholar 

  • Goswami PK, Pant CC (2007) Geomorphology and tectonics of Kota–Pawalgarh Duns, Central Kumaun Sub-Himalaya. Curr Sci 92(5):685–690

    Google Scholar 

  • Grujic D, Coutand I, Bookhagen B, Bonnet S, Blythe A, Duncan C (2006) Climatic forcing of erosion, landscape, and tectonics in the Bhutan Himalayas. Geology 34:801–804. https://doi.org/10.1130/G22648.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gualandi A et al (2016) Pre- and post-seismic deformation related to the 2015, Mw7.8 Gorkha earthquake, Nepal. Tectonophysics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.06.014

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauck ML, Nelson KD, Brown LD, Zhao W, Ross AR (1998) Crustal structure of the Himalayan orogen at ~90° east longitude from Project INDEPTH deep reflection profiles. Tectonics 17(4):481–500

    Google Scholar 

  • Heim A, Gansser A (1939) Central Himalaya: geological observations of the Swiss expedition, 1936. Mem Swiss Soc Nat Sci 73:245

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodges KV (2000) Tectonics of the Himalaya and southern Tibet from two perspectives. Geol Soc Amer Bull 112:324–350

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodges KV, Wobus C, Ruhl K, Schildgen T, Whipple K (2004) Quaternary deformation, river steepening, and heavy precipitation at the front of the Higher Himalayan ranges. Earth Planet Sci Lett 220:379–389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson JA (1822) Journey of a survey to the heads of the rivers, Ganges and Jumna. Asiatic Res 14:60–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard MS, Harrison TM (1989) 40Ar/39Ar age constraints on deformation and metamorphism in the MCT zone and Tibetan slab, eastern Nepal Himalaya. Tectonics 8:865–880

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain A, Yeats RS, MonaLisa (2009) Geological setting of the 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake. J Seism 13(3):315–325

    Google Scholar 

  • Israili M, Tyagi S, Gupta P, Niwas S (2008) Magnetotelluric investigations for imaging electrical structure of Garhwal Himalayan corridor, Uttarakhand, India. J Earth Syst Sci 117:189–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-008-0023-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jade S, Mukul M, Bhattacharyya AK, Vijayan MSM, Saigeetha J, Kumar Ashok, Tiwari RP, Kumar Arun, Kalita S, Sahu SC, Krishna AP, Gupta SS, Murthy MVRL, Gaur VK (2007) Estimates of inter seismic deformation in Northeast India from GPS measurements. Earth Planet Sci Lett 263:221–234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jade S et al (2011) GPS-derived deformation rates in northwestern Himalaya and Ladakh. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rund) 100:1293–1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00531-010-0532-3

  • Jayangondaperumal (1998) Structural evolution of Mussoorrie Syncline, Lesser Himalaya, U.P., Unpublished Ph.D., Thesis, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jayangondaperumal R, Dubey AK (2001) Superposed folding of a blind thrust and formation of Klippen: results of anisotropic magnetic susceptibility studies from the Lesser Himalaya. J Asian Earth Sci 19:713–725

    Google Scholar 

  • Jayangondaperumal R, Thakur VC (2008) Kinematics of Coseismic Secondary Surface Fractures on Southeastward Extension of the Rupture Zone of Kashmir Earthquake. Tectonophysics 446:61–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2007.10.006

  • Jayangondaperumal R, Dubey AK, Kumar S, Wesnousky SG, Sangode SJ (2010a) Magnetic fabrics indicating Late Quaternary seismicity in the Himalayan foothills. Int J Earth Sci 99(Suppl 1):265–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-009-0494-5

  • Jayangondaperumal R, Dubey AK, Sen K (2010b) Structural and magnetic fabric studies of recess structures in the western Himalaya: Implications for 1905 Kangra earthquake. In the Special issue on “Structural Geology-Classical to Modern Concept” edited by M.A. Mamtani. J Geol Soc India 75:212–225

    Google Scholar 

  • Jayangondaperumal R, Wesnousky SG, Chaudhary B (2011) Near surface expression of Early to Late Holocene displacement along the Northeastern Himalayan Frontal Thrust at Marbang Korong Creek, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Bull Seism Soc America 101, 3060–3064. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120110051

  • Jayangondaperumal R, Mugnier JL, Dubey AK (2013) Earthquake slip estimation from the scarp geometry of Himalayan Frontal Thrust, western Himalaya: implications for seismic hazard assessment. Int J Earth Sci 102:1937–1955. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-013-0888-2

  • Jayangondaperumal R, Kumahara Y, Thakur VC, Kumar A, Srivastava P, Shubhanshu D, Joevivek V, Dubey AK (2017a) Great earthquake surface ruptures along backthrust of the Janauri anticline, NW Himalaya. J Asian Earth Sci 133:89–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.05.006

  • Jayangondaperumal R, Daniels RL, Niemi TM (2017b) A paleoseismic age model for large-magnitude earthquakes on fault segments of the Himalayan Frontal Thrust in the Central Seismic Gap of northern India. Quatern Int. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.04.008

  • Jouanne F, Mugnier JL, PandeyMR Gamond J F, Le Font P, Serrurier L, Vigny C, Avouac PJ (1999) Oblique convergence in the Himalayas of western Nepal deduced from preliminary results of GPS measurements. Geophys Res Lett 26:1933–1936

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Juyal N, Sundriyal YP, Rana N, Chaudhary, Shipra Singhvi AK (2010) Late quaternary fluvial aggradation and incision in the monsoon dominated Alaknanda valley, Central Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. J Quat Sci 25:1293–1304

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaneda H, Nakata T, Tsutsumi H, Kondo S, Sugito N, Awata Y, Akhtar S, Majid A, Khatak W, Awan A, Yeats RS, Hussain A, Ashraj M, Wesnousky SG, Kausar B (2008) Surface rupture of the 2005 Kashmir, Pakistan earthquake and its active tectonic implication. Bull Seism Soc Am 98:512–557

    Google Scholar 

  • Kayal JR (1996) Earthquake source processes in northeast India: a review. Him Geol 17:53–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Kayal JR, Sagina R, Singh OP, Chakraborty PK, Karunakar G (2003) Aftershocks of the March, 1999 Chamoli Earthquake and Seismotectonic structure of the Garhwal Himalaya. Bull Seism Soc Am 93(1):109–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keller EA, Pinter N (1999) Active tectonics: earthquakes, uplift, and landscape. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, p 338

    Google Scholar 

  • Khattri KN, Chander R, Gaur VK, Sarkar I, Kumar S (1989) New seismological results on the tectonics of the Garhwal Himalaya. Proc Indian Acad Sci Earth Planet Sci 98:91–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Kondo H, Nakata T, Akhtar SS, Wesnousky SG, Sugito N, Kaneda H, Tsutsumi H, Khan AM, Khattak W, Kausar AB (2008) Long recurrence interval of faulting beyond the 2005 Kashmir earthquake around the northwestern margin of the Indo-Asian collision zone. Geology 36:731–734

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kothiari GC, Pant PD, Joshi M, Luirei K, Malik JN (2010) Active faulting and deformation of quaternary landform Sub Himalaya, India. Geochronometrica 37:63–71. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10003-010-0015-3

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishnaswamy VS, Jalote SP, Shome SK (1970) Recent crustal movements in NW Himalaya and Gangetic plain. In: Proceedings of the 4th symposium earthquake engineering, Roorkee University, pp 419–439

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumahara Y, Jayangondaperumal R (2013) Paleoseismic evidence of a surface rupture along the northwestern Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT). Geomorphology 180–181:47–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Wesnousky SG, Rockwell TK, Ragona D, Thakur VC, Seitz GG (2001) Earthquake recurrence and rupture dynamics of Himalayan frontal thrust, India. Science 294:2328–2331

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar R, Ghosh SK, Sangode SJ (2003) Mio-Pliocene sedimentation history in the northwestern part of the Himalayan foreland basin, India. Curr Sci 84:1006–1113

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Wesnousky SG, Rockwall TK, Briggs RW, Thakur VC, Jayangondaperumal R (2006) Paleoseismic evidence of great surface rupture earthquake along the Indian Himalaya. J Geophys Res 111:B03304. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB00309

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Wesnousky SG, Jayangondaperumal R, Nakata T, Kumahara Y, Singh V (2010) Paleoseismological evidence of surface faulting along the northeastern Himalayan front, India: timing, size, and spatial extent of great earthquakes. J Geophys Res 115(B12422):20. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006789

    Google Scholar 

  • Lave J, Avouac JP (2000) Active folding of fluvial terraces across the Siwalik Hills, Himalayas of Central Nepal. J Geophys Res 105:5735–5770. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lave J, Yule D, Sapkota S, Basant K, Madden C, Attal M, Pandey MR (2005) Evidence of a great Medieval earthquake (~1100AD) in the Central Nepal. Science 307:1302–1305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LeFort P (1975) Himalayas: the collided range. Present knowledge of the continental arc. Am J Sci 275-A: 1–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Luirei K, Bhakuni SS, Suresh N, Kothyari GC, Pant P (2014) Tectonic geomorphology and morphometry of the frontal part of Kumaun Sub-Himalaya: appraisal of tectonic activity. Z Geomorphol. https://doi.org/10.1127/0372-8854/2014/0134

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyon-Caen H, Molnar P (1985) Gravity anamolies, flexure of Indian plate and the structure, support, and evolution of the Himalayan Ganga basin. Tectonics 4:513–538

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malik JN, Mathew G (2005) Evidence of paleoearthquakes from trench investigations across Pinjore Garden fault in Pinjore Dun, NW Himalaya. J Earth Syst Sci 114(4):387–400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malik JN, Nakata T, Philip G, Suresh N, Virdi NS (2008) Active fault and paleoseismic investigation: evidence of historic earthquake along Chandigarh fault in the frontal Himalayan zone, NW India. Him Geol 29:109–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Malik JN, Sahoo AK, Shah AA, Shinde DP, Juyal N, Singhvi AK (2010a) Paleoseismic evidence from trench investigation along Hajipur fault, Himalayan Frontal Thrust, NW Himalaya. Implication of faulting pattern on landscape evolution and seismic hazard. J Struct Geol 32:350–361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malik JN, Shah AA, Sahoo AK, Puhan B, Banerjee C, Shinde DP, Juyal N, Singhvi AK, Rath S (2010b) Active fault, fault growth and segment linkage along the Janauri anticline (fontal foreland fold), NW Himalaya, India. Tectonophysics 483:327–343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malik JN, Naik SP, Sahoo S, Okumura K, Mohanty A (2016) Paleoseismic evidence of the CE 1505 (?) and CE 1803 earthquakes from the foothill zone of the Kumaon Himalaya along the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT), India. Tectonophysics. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.07.026

  • Meigs AJ, Burbank DW, Beck RA (1995) Middle-late Miocene [>10 Ma] formation of the Main Boundary Thrust in the Western Himalaya. Geology 23:423–426

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Middlemiss CS (1910) Kangra earthquake of 4th April, 1905. Mem Geol Surv India 39:1–409

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra RL, Singh I, Pandey A, Rao PS, Sahoo HK, Jayangondaperumal R (2016) Paleoseismic evidence of a giant medieval earthquake in the eastern Himalaya. Geophys Res Lett 43:5707–5715. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068739

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molnar P (1984) Structure and tectonics of the Himalaya: constraints and implications of geophysical data. Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci 12:489–518

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molnar P (1986) The structure of mountain ranges. Sci Am, 70–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Mugnier JL, Huyghe P, Chalaron E, Mascle G (1994) Recent movements along the Main Boundary Thrust of the Himalayas: normal faulting in an over-critical thrust wedge? Tectono physics, 238:199–2015

    Google Scholar 

  • Mugnier JL, Leturmy P, Mascle G, Huyghe P, Chalaron E, Vidaln G, Husson L, Delcaillau B (1999) The Siwaliks of Western Nepal: I. geometry and kinematics. J Asian Earth Sci 17(5-6):629–642

    Google Scholar 

  • Mugnier JL, Huyghe P, Leturmy P, Jouanne F (2004) Episodicity and rates of thrust sheet motion in Himalaya (Western Nepal). In McClay (ed) Thrust Tectonics and Hydrocarbon Systems. pp 91–114. A. A. P. G. Mem, 82

    Google Scholar 

  • Mugnier JL, Huyghe P, Gajurel AP, Becel D (2005) Frontal and piggy-back seismic ruptures in the external thrust belt of Western Nepal. J Asian Earth Sci 25:707–717

    Google Scholar 

  • Mugnier JL, Gajure A, Huyghe P, Jayangndaperumal R, Jouanne F, Upreti BN (2013) Structural interpretation of the great earthquakes of the last millennium in the central Himalaya. Earth Sci Rev 127:30–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Mullick M, Federica RRF, Mukhopadhyay D (2009) Estimates of motion and strain rates across active faults in the frontal part of eastern Himalayas in North Bengal from GPS measurements. Terra Nova 21:410–415

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nabelek J, HI-ClIMB Team (2009) Underplating in the Himalaya-Tibet collision zone revealed by the Hi-CLIMB experiment. Science 325(5946):1371–1374. https://doi.org/10.1126/1167719

  • Nakata T (1972) Geomorphic history and crustal movements of the foothills of the Himalayas. Sci Rep Tohoku Univ 22(7):39–177

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakata T (1975) On quaternary tectonics around the Himalayas. Tohoku Univ Sci Rep 25:111–118. 7th Ser. (Geography)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakata T, Kumahara Y (2002) Active faulting across the Himalaya and its significance in the collision tectonics. Active Fault Res 2002(22):7–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakata T et al (1998) First successful paleoseismic trench study on active faults in the Himalaya. Eos Trans AGU 79(45), Fall Meet Suppl., Abstract S22A-18

    Google Scholar 

  • Naresh K, Sharma J, Arora BR, Mukhopadhyay S (2009) Seismotectonic Model of the Kangra–Chamba Sector of Northwest Himalaya: Constraints from Joint Hypocenter Determination and Focal Mechanism. B Seismol Soc Am 99(1):95–109. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120080220. February 2009.

  • Nawani PC, Khan SA, Singh AK (1982) Geologic cum geomorphic evolution of the western part of Chenab basin with special reference to Quaternary tectonics. Him Geol 12:264–279

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson KD et al (1996) Partially molten middle crust beneath Southern Tibet: synthesis of project INDEPTH results. Science 274:1684–1696

    Google Scholar 

  • Ni J, Barazangi M (1984) Seismotectonics of the Himalayan Collision zone-geometry of the under thrusting Indian plate beneath the Himalaya. J Geophys Res 89:1147–1163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey MR, Tandukar RP, Avouac JP, Lavé J, Massot, JP, (1995) Evidence for recent interseismic strain accumulation on a mid-crustal ramp in the Central Himalaya of Nepal. Geophys Res Lett 22:751–758

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandey MR, Tandulkar RP, Avouac JP, Vergne J, Heritier T (1999) Seismotectonics of the Nepal Himalaya from a local seismic network. J Asian Earth Sci 17:703–712

    Google Scholar 

  • Pant MR (2002) A step toward a historical seismicity of Nepal. Adarsa 2:29–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Parameswaran RM, Natrarajan T, Rajendran K, Rajendran CP, Mallick R, Wood M, Lekhak HC (2015) Seismotectonic of the April–May 2015 Nepal earthquakes: an assessment based on the aftershock patterns, surface effects and deformational characteristics. J Asian Earth Sci 111(1):161–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parkash B, Kumar S, Rao MS, Giri SC, Kumar CS, Gupta S, Srivastava P (2000) Holocene tectonic movements and stress field in the western Gangetic plains. Curr Sci 79:438–449

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul A, Prasath AR, Singh R (2015) Slip heterogeneities evaluated for earthquakes M > 4.0 using waveform modelling in the Garhwal region of Central Seismic Gap in Northwest Himalaya, India. Him Geol 36:153–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Peltzer G, Saucier F (1996) Present day kinematics of Asia derived from geological fault rates. J Geophys Res 101:27943–27956

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Philip G, Virdi NS (2006) Co-existing compressional and extensional regimes along 1764 the Himalayan Front vis-à-vis active faults near Singhauli, Haryana, India. Curr Sci 90:1267–1271

    Google Scholar 

  • Philip G, Suresh N, Bhakuni SS, Gupta V (2011) Paleoseismic investigation along Nalagarh Thrust: evidence of Late Pleistocene earthquake in Pinjaur Dun, Northwestern subHimalaya. J Asian Earth Sci 40:1056–1067

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Philip G, Bhakuni SS, Suresh N (2012) Late Pleistocene and Holocene large magnitude earthquakes along Himalayan Frontal Thrust in the Central Seismic Gap in NW Himalaya, Kala Amb, India. Tectonophysics 580:162–177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Philip G, Suresh N, Jayangondaperumal R (2017) Late Pleistocene-Holocene strain release by normal faulting along the Main Boundary Thrust at Logar in the northwestern Kumaun Sub Himalaya, India. Quatern Int. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.05.022

    Google Scholar 

  • Piddington H (1804) Bengal occurrences for October 1803. Asiat Ann Reg 6(35):57–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Ponraj M, Miura S, Reddy CD, Amirtharaj S, Mahajan SH (2011) Slip distribution beneath the Central and Western Himalaya inferred from GPS observations. Geophys J Int 185:724–736. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.04958.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Power PM, Lillie RJ, Yeats RS (1998) Structure and shortening of the Kangra and Dehradun re-entrants, Sub Himalaya, India. Geol Soc Am Bull 110:1010–1027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Price RA (1981) The Cordilleran foreland thrust and fold belt in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains. In: McClay KR, Price NJ (eds) Thrust and Nappe Tectonics. Geol Soc London, Special Publications 9:427–448

    Google Scholar 

  • Priyanka RS, Jayangondaperumal R, Pandey A, Mishra RL, Singh I, Bhushan R, Srivastava P, Ramachandran S, Shah C, Kedia S, Sharma AK, Bhat GR (2017) Primary surface rupture of the 1950 Tibet-Assam great earthquake along the eastern Himalayan front, India. Nat Sci Reports 7:5433. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05644-y

    Google Scholar 

  • Raiverman V, Srivastava AK, Prasad DN (1994) Structural style in northwestern Himalayan foothills. Him Geol 15:263–280

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajendran CP, Rajendran K (2005) The status of central seismic gap: a perspective based on the spatial and temporal aspects of the large Himalayan earthquakes. Tectonophysics 395(1–2):19–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rajendran CP, Rajendran K, Sanwal J, Sandiford M (2013) Archeological and historical database on the medieval earthquakes of the central Himalaya: ambiguities and inferences. Seism Res Lett 84(6):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1785/0229130077

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rajendran CP, John B, Rajendran K (2015) Medieval pulse of great earthquakes in the central Himalaya: viewing past activities on the frontal thrust. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 120. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jb011015

  • Raper FV (1810) Narratives of a survey for the purpose of discovering the resources of the Ganges. Asiatic Res 11:446–563

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawat G, Arora BR, Gupta PK (2014) Electrical resistivity cross-section across the Garhwal Himalaya: Proxy to fluid-seismicity linkage. Tectonophysics 637:68–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray Y, Srivastava P (2010) Widespread aggradation in the mountainous catchment of the Alaknanda-Ganga River System: timescales and implications to Hinterland–foreland relationships. Quat Sci Rev 29(17):2238–2260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson DM, Pearson ON (2013) Was Himalayan normal faulting triggered by initiation of the Ramgarh–Munsiari thrust and development of the Lesser Himalayan duplex? Int J Earth Sci 102(7):1773–1790

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson DM, DeCelles PG, Copeland P (2006) Tectonic evolution of the Himalayan thrust belt in western Nepal. Geol Soc Am Bull 118:865–885. https://doi.org/10.1130/b25911.1

  • Sangode SJ, Kumar R, Ghosh SK (1996) Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of Siwalik sequence of Haripur area (HP), NW Himalaya. J Geol Soc India 47:683–704

    Google Scholar 

  • Sapkota, Rimal (1997) Department of Mining and Geology Annual Report, Nepal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sapkota SN, Bollinger L, Klinger L, Tapponnier P, Gaudemer Y, Tewari D (2013) Primary surface ruptures of the great Himalayan earthquakes in 1934 and 1255. Nat Geosci 6:71–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sati SP, Sundriyal YP, Rawat GS (2007) Geomorphic indicators of neotectonic activity around Srinagar (Alaknanda basin), Uttarakhand. Curr Sci 92(6):824–829

    Google Scholar 

  • Satyabala SP, Bilham R (2006) Surface deformation and subsurface slip of the 28 March 1999 Mw = 6.4 west Himalayan Chamoli earthquake from InSAR analysis. Geophys Res Lett 33:L23305. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027422

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schelling D (1992) The tectonostratigraphy and structure of the eastern Nepal Himalaya. Tectonics 11:925–943

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schelling D, Arita K (1991) Thrust tectonics, crustal shortening and the structure of the Far-Eastern Nepal Himalaya. Tectonics 10:851–862

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiffman C, Bali B, Szeliga W, Bilham B (2013) Seismic slip deficit in the Kashmir Himalaya from GPS observations. Geophys Res Lett 40:5642–5645

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Searle MP, Windley BF, Coward MP, Cooper DJW, Rex AJ, Rex D, Li Tingdong, Xuchang X, Jan MQ, Thakur VC, Kumar S (1987) The closing of Tethys and the tectonics of the Himalaya. Geol Soc Am Bull 98(6):678–701

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seeber L, Armbruster JG (1981) Great detachment earthquakes along the Himalayan arc and long term forecasting. In: Simpson DW, Richards PG (eds) Earthquake prediction: an international review. American Geophysical Union, Maurice-Ewing Series, vol 4, pp 259–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Seeber L, Gornitz V (1983) River profiles along the Himalayan arc as indicators of active tectonics. Tectonophysics 92:335-467. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(83)90201-9

  • Sharma VD (2001) Delhi and Its Neighborhood. Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, p 161

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha AK (1981) Geology and tectonics of the Himalayan region of Ladakh, Himachal, Garhwal-Kumaun and Arunachal Pradesh: a review. In Gupta HK, Delany FM (eds) Zagros, Hidu-Kush, Himalaya Geodynmaic evolution, Geodynamic Series, vol 3. American Geophysical Union, Washington, pp 122–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha AK (1989) Geology of the part of Higher Central Himalaya. Wiley, p 219

    Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava P, Mitra G (1994) Thrust geometries and deep structure of the outer and lesser Himalaya, Kumaon and Garhwal (India): Implications for evolution of the Himalayan fold-and-thrust belt. Tectonics 13(1):89–109. https://doi.org/10.1029/93TC01130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stein RS, King GCP, Rundle JB (1988) The Growth of Geological Structures by Repeated Earthquakes 2. Field Examples of Continental Dip-Slip Faults. J Geophys Res Sol Ea 93(B11):13319–13331

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein RS, King GCP, Lin J (1994) Stress triggering of the 1994 M = 6.7 Northridge, California, earthquake by its predecessors. Science 265:1432–1435

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thakur VC (1992) Geology of western Himalaya. Pergamon Press, Oxford, p 366p

    Google Scholar 

  • Thakur VC (2013) Active tectonics of Himalayan Frontal Fault system. Int J Earth Sci 102(7):1791–1810

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thakur VC, Kumar S (1994) Seismotectonics of the 20th October 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake in Garhwal Himalaya, North India. Terra Nova 6:90–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Thakur VC, Pandey AK (2004) Active deformation of Himalayan Frontal Thrust and Piedmont Zone south of Dehradun in respect of seismotectonics of Garhwal Himalaya. Him Geol 25:23–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Thakur VC, Pandey AK, Suresh N (2007) Late Quaternary-Holocene frontal fault zone of the Garhwal Sub Himalaya, NW India. J Asian Earth Sci 29(2/3):305–319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thakur VC, Jayangondaperumal R, Malik MA (2010) Redefining Wadia-Medlicott’s Main Boundary Fault from Jhelum to Yamuna: an active fault strand of the Main Boundary Thrust in Northwest Himalaya. Tectonophysics 489:29–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thakur VC, Joshi M, Sahoo D, Suresh N, Jayangondapermal R, Singh A (2014) Partitioning of convergence in Northwest Sub-Himalaya: estimation of late Quaternary uplift and convergence rates across the Kangra reentrant, North India. Int J Earth Sci 103(4):1037–1056

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thatcher W (1983) Nonlinear strain buildup and the earthquake deformation cycle on the San Andreas fault. J Geophys Res 88:5893–5902

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Upreti B, Kumahara Y, Nakata T (2008) Evidence of two large seismic gaps in Nepal Himalaya: potential for future mega earthquakes. 33rd International Geological Congress, Oslo. http://www.cprm.gov.br/33IGC/1260752.html

  • Upreti BN et al (2000) The latest active faulting in Southeast Nepal. Paper presented at Proceedings active fault research for the New Millenium. Hokudan international symposium and school on active faulting, Awaji Island, Hyogo, Japan

    Google Scholar 

  • Valdiya KS (1980) Geology of Kumaun Lesser Himalaya. Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology Dehradun India, p 219

    Google Scholar 

  • Valdiya KS (2003) Reactivation of Himalayan Frontal Fault: Implications. Curr Sci 85(7):1031–1040

    Google Scholar 

  • Valdiya KS (1992a) Active Himalayan Frontal Fault, Main Boundary Thrust and Ramgarh Thrust in southern Kumaun. Geol Soc India 40:509–528

    Google Scholar 

  • Valdiya KS (1992b) The Main Boundary thrust zone of the Himalaya, India. In: Bucknam RC, Hancock PL (eds) Major active faults of the world: results of IGCP Project 206: annales tectonicae supplement, vol 6, pp 54–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Vassallo R, Vignon V, Mugnier J-L, Jayangondaperuma, R, Srivastava P, Malik MM, Mouchené M, Jouanne F (2012) A future big one in the Himalayan North-West syntax? European Geosciences Union General Assembly, Vienna, Austria 22–27 Apr 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • Vassallo R et al (2015) Distribution of the Late Quaternary deformation in Northwest Himalaya. Earth Planet Sci Lett 411:241–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wells D, Coppersmith K (1994) New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement. Bull Seismol Soc Am 84:974–1002

    Google Scholar 

  • Wesnousky SG, Kumar S, Mahindra R, Thakur VC (1999) Uplift and convergence along the Himalayan Frontal Thrust of India. Tectonics 18:967–976

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeats RS, Thakur VC (2008) Active faulting south of the Himalayan Front: establishing a new plate boundary. Tectonophysics 453:63–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeats RS, Nakata T, Farah A, Mirza MA, Pandey MR, Stein RS (1992) The Himalayan Frontal Fault system. In: Bucknam RC, Hancock PL (eds) Major active faults of the world: results of IGCP Project 206: annales tectonicae, supplement 5, 6, pp 85–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Yin A (2000) Mode of Cenozoic eastwest Extension in Tibet suggests a common origin of rifts in Asia during Indo- Asian collision. J Geophys Res 105:21745–21759

    Google Scholar 

  • Yin A (2006) Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along–strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation. Earth Sci Rev 28:211–280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu S-B, Kuo L-C, Hsu Y-J, Su HH, Lui C-C, Hou C-S, Lee J-F, Lai T-C, Liu C-C, Liu C-L, Tseng T-F, Tsai C-S, Shin T-C (2004) Preseismic deformation and coseismic displacements associated with the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, Earthquake. Bull Seism Soc Am 91(5):995–1012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yule D, Dawson S, Jerome Lave, Sapkota S, Tiwari D (2006) Possible evidence for surface rupture of the Main Frontal Thrust during the great 1505 Himalayan earthquake, far‐western Nepal, Eos Trans. AGU, 87(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract S33C‐05

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao W, Nelson KD, Project INDEPTH Team (1993) Deep seismic reflection evidence for continental underthrusting beneath southern Tibet. Nature 302:557–559

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Structure and Tectonic Group, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

    R. Jayangondaperumal, V. C. Thakur, V. Joevivek, Priyanka Singh Rao & Anil Kumar Gupta

  2. Akshaya College of Engineering and Technology, Kinathukadavu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

    V. Joevivek

  3. Geological Survey of India, Government of India, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

    Priyanka Singh Rao

  4. Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India

    Anil Kumar Gupta

Authors
  1. R. Jayangondaperumal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. V. C. Thakur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. V. Joevivek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Priyanka Singh Rao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Anil Kumar Gupta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to R. Jayangondaperumal .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Jayangondaperumal, R., Thakur, V.C., Joevivek, V., Rao, P.S., Gupta, A.K. (2018). Introduction. In: Active Tectonics of Kumaun and Garhwal Himalaya. Springer Natural Hazards. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8243-6_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation