Abstract
Currently, global society is aware that ‘climate change’ is having a negative environmental impact on such aspects of the environment as global warming and the tides of sea water. Climate change impacts ‘forests’ through the increased intensity and frequency of extreme weather events (storms, floods, droughts) and it may lead to an increase in forest fires and outbreaks of pests and diseases. In Japan, for example, 170 died and 54,216 suffered sickness in hospital during the summer months (July–August 2010) (Gatra 14–20 October 2010). In 2003, Europe suffered one of its hottest summers ever. Across the continent, temperatures soared; in France, the thermometer hovered around 40 ℃ for a fortnight. More than 52,000 Europeans died from heat related conditions in the summer of 2003.
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Notes
- 1.
For a better understanding about the impact of “Global Warming already kills 150,000 people every year,” see Williams (2007). Further information see article by Janet Larsen, “Setting the Record Straight: More than 52,000 Europeans Died from Heat in summer 2003,” July 28, 2006. See in http://www.earth-policy.org.
- 2.
Statistic Indonesia: Economic Indicators, successive issues, 2007.
- 3.
Indonesian Pulp and Paper Association (APKI) for 1988–2000; Poyry (1998) for 2005–2010 projection.
- 4.
See Iwai (2002); Forestry Agency (2000).
- 5.
Carrere and Lohmann (1996).
- 6.
See Kono et al. (1994).
- 7.
Selecting of seeds and developing of new species of (Acacia mangium, Eucalyptus, etc.) for fast growing trees whether in planting and harvesting as well. See: The project of Humanosphere Professor Kawai, Shunichi, “Study on Nature-inspired technologies and institutions”. Interviewed with Prof. Kono Yasuyuki, in CSEAS, Kyoto University, on December 29, 2008.
- 8.
Inoue (2003).
- 9.
See Heyd and Neef (2006).
- 10.
Kant and Berry (2005).
- 11.
For more information ‘Living in a Complex World’, see Walker and Salt (2006).
- 12.
Ibid., p. 4.
- 13.
See Muhtaman, Siregar and Hopmans (2000).
- 14.
Ibid., p. 12.
- 15.
Evans and Turnbull (2004).
- 16.
Interview with INOUE Makoto, Professor from Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, on January 16, 2009 in Tokyo.
- 17.
Interview with Abdullah, Oekan S, Visiting Scholar in CSEAS, on January 25, 2009 in Shugakuin Koryu Kaikan, Kyoto.
- 18.
See “Wood from planted forest: a global outlook 2005–2030” (http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/191954507.html).
- 19.
See Jiang and Zhang (2003).
- 20.
See Aruan (2005).
- 21.
For further information see Guizol and Aruan (2006).
- 22.
For further information see Tran (2005).
- 23.
See Aulia (2009).
- 24.
Abe et al. (2003).
- 25.
I might now be in a better position to describe the actual role of the modern state. It can be argued that those who enjoy a dominant position within the relations of political control (ordinarily state actors) select or stabilize relations of economic control that are in their interests. For further information, see Carter (1993). There are new ‘interdisciplinary’ approaches necessitated by environmental and related issues for social sciences (political and economic aspects). See Dickens (1992).
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Hidayat, H. (2018). Introduction. In: Sustainable Plantation Forestry . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7653-4_1
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