Skip to main content
View expanded cover

Spent Nuclear Fuel and Accelerator-Driven Subcritical Systems pp 1–19Cite as

Spent Nuclear Fuel and Alternative Methods of Transmutation

  • 363 Accesses

Part of the Green Energy and Technology book series (GREEN)

Abstract

The chapter deals with the status of the spent nuclear fuel and accumulation of unspent nuclear fuel world over. Its fertile, fissile, and fission product components are also discussed along with their applications and various methods of reprocessing the SNF. International situation related to reprocessing, security aspects arising from the SNF, and the fissile components along with its handling at individual national level are also summarized.

Keywords

  • Spent Nuclear Fuel
  • Fissile Component
  • Plutonium Uranium Redox EXtraction (PUREX)
  • IAEA Safety Standards
  • Effective Dose Coefficient

These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7503-2_1
  • Chapter length: 19 pages
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
eBook
USD   109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • ISBN: 978-981-10-7503-2
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
Softcover Book
USD   149.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Hardcover Book
USD   149.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Learn about institutional subscriptions
Fig. 1.1

References

  1. Nifenecker, H., Meplan, O., David, S.: Accelerator Driven Subcritical Reactors. IOP Publishing Ltd. (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Yasin, Z., Iqbal, J., Shahzad, M.I.: Comparison of radionuclide’s inventories and activities with slightly enriched uranium and plutonium fuel in CANDU reactors. J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 1, 31–36 (2011)

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  3. Raghupati, S., et al.: http://www.efn-uk.org/nuclear/nuc-lib/reactor-reports/index_files/India-PFBR-design.pdf and Puthiyavinayagam, P.: 48th Annual Meeting of TWGFR, IAEA IPPE, Obninsk, Russian Federation. https://www.iaea.org/NuclearPower/Downloadable/Meetings/2015/2015-05-25-05-29NPTDS/Country/11_TWGFR2015_India_IGCAR.pdf. Accessed 25–29 May 2015

  4. Arafat, Y., et al.: Radiotoxicity characterization of HLW from reprocessing of uranium-based and thorium-based fuel-11390. WM2011 Conference, Phoenix, AZ (2011). Accessed 27 February–3 March 2011

    Google Scholar 

  5. Clement, C.H.: Editor, authors on behalf of ICRP, Eckerman, K., Harrison, J., Menzel, H.-G., Clement, C.H.: Compendium of dose coefficients based on ICRP publication 60. ICRP publication 119. Ann. ICRP 41(Suppl) (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Abdallah, M., Chang, H.M., Hampton, D., Mahmood, A., Mahmood, F.: Calvin Wong: Energy and Energy Policy Closing the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Reprocessing. http://franke.uchicago.edu/bigproblems/2012-berry-papers/team3.pdf. Accessed 2 Apr 2018

  7. Phillips, C., et al.: Improving the estimates of wastes from the recycling of used nuclear fuel. WM2013 Conference, Phonix, Arizona, USA, 24–28 Feb 2013

    Google Scholar 

  8. Choi, E.-Y., Jeon, S.M.: Electrochemical processing of spent nuclear fuels: an overview of oxide reduction in pyroprocessing technology. Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int. 25(6), 572 (2015)

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  9. Spent Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing: NEA/NSC/WPFC/DOC 15. OECD (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Mccombie, C.: International Perspective: Reprocessing, Storage, and Disposal. NAE National Meeting, Irvine (2003). Accessed 6 Feb 2003

    Google Scholar 

  11. http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/fuel-recycling/processing-of-used-nuclear-fuel.aspx and Status and Trends in Spent Fuel Reprocessing. IAEA-TECDOC-1467. http://www.pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1467_web.pdf. Accessed Sept 2005

  12. Spent Fuel Reprocessing Options. IAEA-TECDOC-1587 (2008). http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1587_web.pdf. Accessed Aug 2008

  13. Banerji, S.: Physics of ADS for energy and transmutation. Inaugural Talk Delivered at Workshop on ADSS for Energy and Transmutation Held at Jaipur (2006). Accessed 23–25 Jan 2006

    Google Scholar 

  14. Dey, P.K., Bansal, N.K.: Spent fuel reprocessing: a vital link in Indian nuclear power program. Nucl. Eng. Des. 236(7–8), 723 (2006)

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  15. Natarajan, R., Raj, B.: Fast Reactor Fuel Reprocessing—An Indian Perspective. In: Proceedings of GLOBAL 2005, Paper No. IL012, Tsukuba, Japan (2005). Accessed 9–13 Oct 2005

    Google Scholar 

  16. Shughart II, William F.: Why does not US Recycle Nuclear Fuel. http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2014/10/01/why-doesnt-u-s-recycle-nuclear-fuel/#5b0e0e1c7db4. Accessed Oct 2014

  17. Global Fissile Material Report 2013: Increasing Transparency of Nuclear Warhead and Fissile Material Stocks as a Step Toward Disarmament. Seventh Annual Report of the International Panel on Fissile Materials. www.fissilematerials.org

  18. Orszag, P.R.: Costs of Reprocessing Versus Directly Disposing of Spent Nuclear Fuel. CBO Report (2007). https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/ftpdocs/88xx/doc8808/11-14-nuclearfuel.pdf. Accessed Nov 2007 and UCS: Nuclear Reprocessing: Dangerous, Dirty, and Expensive. http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear-power/nuclear-plant-security/nuclear-reprocessing#.V3X5ZNKgE0F

  19. The Economics of Reprocessing vs. Direct Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel (Cambridge, Mass: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, December 2003)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Mafia sank boat with radioactive waste: Official, AFP. Accessed 14 Sept 2009 and From cocaine to plutonium: Mafia clan accused of trafficking nuclear waste. The Guardian. Accessed 9 Oct 2007

    Google Scholar 

  21. Blue Ribbon Commission on America’s Nuclear Future: Executive Summary. Accessed Jan 2012

    Google Scholar 

  22. Rubbia, C., et al.: Conceptual design of a fast neutron operated high power energy amplifier, CERN/AT/95-44 (ET) (1995). See also Rubbia, C.: A high gain energy amplifier operated with fast neutrons. AIP Conference Proceedings 346, International Conference on Accelerator-Driven Transmutation Technologies and Applications, Las Vegas (NV), US (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Carminati, F. et al.: An Energy Amplifier for Cleaner and Inexhaustible Nuclear Energy Production Driven by a Particle Beam Accelerator. CERN/AT/93-47 (ET) (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Bowman, C.D. et al.: Nuclear energy generation and waste transmutation using an accelerator-driven intense thermal neutron source. Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res A320, 336 (1992)

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  25. Janssen, A.J.: Transmutation of Fission Products in Reactors and Accelerator-Driven Systems. ECN-R-94-001 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Salvatores, M., et al.: MUSE-1: A first experiment at MASURCA to validate the physics of sub-critical multiplying systems relevant to ADS. In: Proceeding of the Second International Conference on Accelerator Driven Transmutation Technologies and Applications, Kalmar, Sweden, ADTTA (1996). Accessed 3–7 June 1996

    Google Scholar 

  27. Kumar, V., et al.: Role of (n, xn) Reactions in ADS, IAEA-Benchmark and the Dubna CASCADE Code. Pramana-J. Phys, 68(2), 315–324 (2007) (Also, the volume of Pramana-Journal of Physics is dedicated to studies related to ADSS)

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  28. Feasibility of Producing Molybdenum-99 on a Small Scale Using Fission of Low Enriched Uranium or Neutron Activation of Natural Molybdenum. Technical Reports Series No. 478. http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/trs478web-32777845.pdf

  29. OECD/NEA: A Supply and Demand Update of the Mo-99 Market (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  30. IAEA 2015: Feasibility of Producing Molybdenum-99 on a Small Scale Using Fission of Low Enriched Uranium or Neutron Activation of Natural Molybdenum. Technical Reports Series #478

    Google Scholar 

  31. Rao, D.V., Chandra, R., Graham, M.C. (eds.): Physics of Nuclear Medicines-Recent Advances. American Institute of Physics Inc., New York (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Radioisotopes in Industry. http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/non-power-nuclear-applications/radioisotopes-research/radioisotopes-in-industry.aspx

  33. Olsen, L.C., Cabauy, P., Elkind, B.J.: Betavoltaic power sources. Phys. Today (2012), 35–38 (2012). www.physicstoday.org

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  34. Hou, X.: Radiochemical Analysis of 3H, 14C, 55Fe, 63Ni in Waste and Environmental Samples. Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark

    Google Scholar 

  35. Nuclear Proliferation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation#Non-proliferation_efforts

  36. International Panel on Fissile Materials: Global fissile material report 2013 increasing transparency of nuclear warhead and fissile material stocks as a step toward disarmament. www.fissilematerials.org

  37. Lerner, L.: Nuclear fuel recycling could offer plentiful energy. http://www.anl.gov/articles/nuclear-fuel-recycling-could-offer-plentiful-energy

  38. Williamson, M.: Pyro-processing technologies. http://www.cse.anl.gov/pdfs/pyroprocessing_brochure.pdf

  39. Generation IV Nuclear Reactors. http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/nuclear-power-reactors/generation-iv-nuclear-reactors.aspx

  40. Matzke, H.J.: On the stabilization of radiation damage by the rare earth gases. J. Nucl. Mat. 30, 107 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  41. IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 3 (Interim). http://www.pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/p1531interim_web.pdf

  42. United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission. http://www.nrc.gov/security.html

  43. Nuclear Security in India. http://www.indianhighcommission.com.my/Pdf/NUCLEAR_SECURITY_IN_INDIA.pdf

  44. Nuclear Safety Authority, Act 206, France. file:///C:/Users/lenovo/Downloads/loiTSN-uk.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  45. Program Act on the Sustainable Management of Radio-Active Materials and Wastes, France, 2006. file:///C:/Users/lenovo/Downloads/radioactive-waste-management-act-280606.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  46. Office for Nuclear Regulation. ONR. http://www.onr.org.uk/documents/a-guide-to-nuclear-regulation-in-the-uk.pdf

  47. Environment Agency. https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/environment-agency

  48. Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Environmental_Protection_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China

  49. The Nuclear Safety Institute (IBRAE). http://en.ibrae.ac.ru/

  50. Nuclear Regulation Authority. Japan. https://www.nsr.go.jp/english/e_nra/nsr_leaflet_English.pdf

  51. Pakistan’s Nuclear Security Regimes: http://www.mofa.gov.pk/documents/PNSR.pdf. Accessed 7 Apr 2018

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

    Vinod Kumar Verma

  2. GGSIP University, New Delhi, India

    Vinod Kumar Verma

  3. Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic

    Karel Katovsky

Authors
  1. Vinod Kumar Verma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Karel Katovsky
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vinod Kumar Verma .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Verma, V.K., Katovsky, K. (2019). Spent Nuclear Fuel and Alternative Methods of Transmutation. In: Spent Nuclear Fuel and Accelerator-Driven Subcritical Systems. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7503-2_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7503-2_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-10-7502-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-10-7503-2

  • eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)