Abstract
Primary organic aerosol (POA) constitutes the emissions from both natural (vegetation and micro-organisms) and anthropogenic sources such as combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels, and open biomass burning (forest fire). Semi-volatile nature of POA emissions leads to overestimation in the traditional emission inventories and chemical transport models. Another class of primarily emitted volatile species, i.e., intermediate volatile organic compounds (IVOCs), present around 0.28–2.5 times of POA, potential secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) precursors, also goes unnoticed. Phase partitioning mechanisms depending on their source, dilution, and volatility distribution make the contribution of POA to overall organic aerosols (OA) budget controversial. Further, the complex and higher particle emission rates and the gas-phase chemical transformation processes lead to the conceptual ambiguity between primary and secondary organic aerosol, thus rendering physico-chemical and optical properties to be least understood. Researchers have overcome the need of complete molecular identification of gaseous species to simulate the gas-particle partitioning by developing a two-dimensional volatility basis scheme (2-D-VBS) that employs the vapor pressure and degree of oxygenation. Here, we also illustrate the chemical composition-dependent volatility distributions for different sources used to ascertain the correct POA emission factors. This suggest that the policymakers and environmental regulating authorities need to take into account the SVOCs and IVOCs causing positive and negative sampling artifacts in order to correctly account for POA source contributions.
Abbreviations
- BC:
-
Black carbon
- BB:
-
Biomass burning
- C OA :
-
Total organic aerosol mass concentration
- EC:
-
Elemental carbon
- eBC:
-
Equivalent black carbon
- HR-ToF-AMS:
-
High-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer
- IVOC:
-
Intermediate volatile organic compound
- OA:
-
Organic aerosol
- OC:
-
Organic carbon
- OM:OC:
-
Organic matter to organic carbon ratio
- PM:
-
Particulate matter
- POA:
-
Primary organic aerosol
- rBC:
-
Refractory black carbon
- SOA:
-
Secondary organic aerosol
- VOC:
-
Volatile organic compound
- 2D-VBS:
-
2 dimensional—Volatile basis set
References
Aiken AC, DeCarlo PF, Kroll JH, Worsnop DR, Huffman JA, Docherty KS, Ulbrich IM, Mohr C, Kimmel JR, Sueper D, Sun Y, Zhang Q, Trimborn A, Northway M, Ziemann PJ, Canagaratna MR, Onasch TB, Alfarra MR, Prevot ASH, Dommen J, Duplissy J, Metzger A, Baltensperger U, Jimenez JL (2008) O/C and Om/Oc ratios of primary, secondary, and ambient organic aerosols with high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol 42:4478–4485
Andreae MO, Crutzen PJ (1997) Atmospheric aerosols: biogeochemical sources and role in atmospheric chemistry. Science 276:1052–1058
Birch ME, Cary RA (1996) Elemental carbon-based method for monitoring occupational exposures to particulate diesel exhaust. Aerosol Sci Technol 25:221–241
Bond TC, Streets DG, Yarber KF, Nelson SM, Woo J.-H, Klimont Z (2004) A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion. J Geophys Res: Atmos 109: n/a-n/a
Cappa CD, Jimenez JL (2010) Quantitative estimates of the volatility of ambient organic aerosol. Atmos Chem Phys 10:5409–5424
Cappa CD, Wilson KR (2011) Evolution of organic aerosol mass spectra upon heating: implications for Oa phase and partitioning behavior. Atmos Chem Phys 11:1895–1911
Chow JC, Watson JG, Crow D, Lowenthal DH, Merrifield T (2001) Comparison of improve and niosh carbon measurements. Aerosol Sci Technol 34:23–34
Chow JC, Watson JG, Pritchett LC, Pierson WR, Frazier CA, Purcell RG (1993) The dri thermal/optical reflectance carbon analysis system: description, evaluation and applications in u.s. air quality studies. Atmos Environ Part A. Gen Top 27:1185–1201
Donahue NM, Robinson AL, Stanier CO, Pandis SN (2006) Coupled partitioning, dilution, and chemical aging of semivolatile organics. Environ Sci Technol 40:2635–2643
Grieshop AP, Miracolo MA, Donahue NM, Robinson AL (2009) Constraining the volatility distribution and gas-particle partitioning of combustion aerosols using isothermal dilution and thermo denuder measurements. Environ Sci Technol 43:4750–4756
Hildemann LM, Cass GR, Markowski GR (1989) A dilution stack sampler for collection of organic aerosol emissions: design, characterization and field tests. Aerosol Sci Technol 10:193–204
Kanakidou M, Seinfeld JH, Pandis SN, Barnes I, Dentener FJ, Facchini MC, Van Dingenen R, Ervens B, Nenes A, Nielsen CJ, Swietlicki E, Putaud JP, Balkanski Y, Fuzzi S, Horth J, Moortgat GK, Winterhalter R, Myhre CEL, Tsigaridis K, Vignati E, Stephanou EG, Wilson J (2005) Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review. Atmos Chem Phys 5:1053–1123
Lack DA, Moosmüller H, McMeeking GR, Chakrabarty RK, Baumgardner D (2014) Characterizing elemental, equivalent black, and refractory black carbon aerosol particles: a review of techniques, their limitations and uncertainties. Anal Bioanal Chem 406:99–122
May AA, Levin EJT, Hennigan CJ, Riipinen I, Lee T, Collett JL, Jimenez JL, Kreidenweis SM, Robinson AL (2013) Gas-particle partitioning of primary organic aerosol emissions: 3. Biomass burning. J Geophys Res: Atmos 118:1127–311338
Pankow JF (1994) An absorption model of gas/particle partitioning of organic compounds in the atmosphere. Atmos Environ 28:185–188
Riipinen I, Pierce JR, Donahue NM, Pandis SN (2010) Equilibration time scales of organic aerosol inside thermodenuders: evaporation kinetics versus thermodynamics. Atmos Environ 44:597–607
Robinson AL, Donahue NM, Shrivastava MK, Weitkamp EA, Sage AM, Grieshop AP, Lane TE, Pierce JR, Pandis SN (2007) Rethinking organic aerosols: semivolatile emissions and photochemical aging. Science 315:1259–1262
Robinson AL, Grieshop AP, Donahue NM, Hunt SW (2010) Updating the conceptual model for fine particle mass emissions from combustion systems Allen L. Robinson. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 60:1204–1222
Saxena P, Hildemann LM (1996) Water-soluble organics in atmospheric particles: a critical review of the literature and application of thermodynamics to identify candidate compounds. J Atmos Chem 24:57–109
Schauer JJ, Kleeman MJ, Cass GR, Simoneit BRT (2002) Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 5. C1–C32 organic compounds from gasoline-powered motor vehicles. Environ Sci Technol 36:1169–1180
Shrivastava MK, Lipsky EM, Stanier CO, Robinson AL (2006) Modeling semivolatile organic aerosol mass emissions from combustion systems. Environ Sci Technol 40:2671–2677
Wu C, Huang XHH, Ng WM, Griffith SM, Yu JZ (2016) Inter-comparison of Niosh and improve protocols for Oc and Ec determination: implications for inter-protocol data conversion. Atmos Meas Tech 9:4547–4560
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bhattu, D. (2018). Primary Organic Aerosols. In: Sharma, N., Agarwal, A., Eastwood, P., Gupta, T., Singh, A. (eds) Air Pollution and Control. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7185-0_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7185-0_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-7184-3
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-7185-0
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)