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Shifts and Challenges of Communication for Sustainable Development in Indonesia

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Communication, Culture and Ecology

Part of the book series: Communication, Culture and Change in Asia ((CCCA,volume 6))

Abstract

The development of Indonesia during the last 40 years lacks sustainability. Indonesia bores the brunt of unsustainable agricultural development during the early 20 years of the New Order along with sociopolitical and economic factors that contributed to unsustainable development. The failures of the sustainability of development are not only linked to those factors alone, but also to the “approaches of communication applied for sustainable development.” The chapter critically analyzes and maps communication approaches applied in sustainable development of Indonesia during the New Order and Reformasi . It also seeks to map the shifts of communication approaches in sustainability of development in two political eras of Indonesia using the concept of mechanistic and organic approaches. Communication for sustainable development of Reformasi Indonesia has yet to give full attention to the performing “organic” aspect of communication especially the empowerment potential of dialogues and participation of the people that are already facilitated through several programs .

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Compared to the HDIs of some other Asian, South America, and African countries, the HDI of Indonesia is only higher than of Vietnam (UNDP, 2013). In addition, World Bank (2014) reports that from 1999 to 2012, poverty was cut by half: from 24 to 12%. However, the economic growth is threatened to not being inclusive enough. In 2012, about 65 million people hovered between the national poverty line and 50% above the latter (World Bank, 2014). It means that the poorest families benefit only a tiny increase in real income, compared to those more opulent.

  2. 2.

    Indonesia achieved self-sufficiency in food in 1984, but this only lasted a year. In 1985, Indonesia was the biggest importer of rice.

  3. 3.

    It was only coincidence that family planning program—sucessful social program of the New Order—took some pressure off the natural resources (Wood, 2005).

  4. 4.

    Mining and quarrying industries, for example, dominate the non-oil natural resources state revenue. They also employ 18 times more labor productivity compared to agriculture in 2009–2012 (World Bank, 2014).

  5. 5.

    This cultural value was called “kinship” (kekeluargaan). Suharto called himself as the Father of Government (Bapak Pembangunan). Thus, the people were his children. The paternalism gave the state benefit in terms of making the people obedient to the state. However, this value was ineffective when related to loans for the masses. The paying off of agricultural loans was jammed because “the children” did not feel obliged to pay off their father. Indonesian culture is usually weak in keeping kinship, primordiality, emotional relations apart from professional causes.

  6. 6.

    “The weak coordination leads to poor delivery of services by government institutions, inconsistent policy settings accross sectors, and a lack of responsiveness of the administration to the priorities of the government and citizens” (World Bank, 2014: 76).

  7. 7.

    The echo can be seen in the top priorities of Indonesian journalists, in which “environment” was at number five among eleven top priorities (Pintak & Setiyono, 2011: 195).

  8. 8.

    The agricultural sector became the pivot of Indonesia’s development. Considering the importance of increasing agricultural production, New Order government worked hard to make farmers employing new agricultural technology on their lands. New Order government at that time was culturally familiar with agricultural extension which had been practiced since Dutch colonialization through Extension Service/Dinas Pertanian (Landbouw Voorlichting Dients) (Sadono, 2008).

  9. 9.

    “Risk communication” is defined by the law as “interactive process of information and opinion exchange among individuals, groups, and institutions related to the environmental risk.”

  10. 10.

    “Discussion” here might be not fully correct word to translate the “musyawarah” term of Musrenbang. “Musyawarah” is ruled by consensus. Part of the process of Musrenbang is a continuation of Inpres Desa Tertinggal (IDT, the program for left-behind villages), which launched by the Suharto government in the mid-1990s to reduce poverty.

  11. 11.

    Formally, Musrenbang provides the citizens forums at community, neighborhood (kelurahan), and sub-district (desa, kampung) to communicate their aspirations and ideas in terms of development planning and budgeting of development funds. The proposals are then compiled by Bappeda who will conduct district-level Musrenbang for the preparation of the annual regional development (RPKD) based on communities’ proposals along with proposal from the technical departments.

  12. 12.

    PUAP gives rolling capital (dana bergulir) to farmers by transferring the money to the bank account of Gapoktan (Association of Farmers Group). Agricultural disseminator (penyuluh petani) and Supervisor-Partner of Farmer (Penyelia Mitra Tani) assist and supervise the fund management in the level of Gapoktan activists.

  13. 13.

    The Ministry of Communication and Informatics (Kemenkominfo) has developed several projects such as Community Access Point (CAP), Mobile CAP, District Internet Service Center (PLIK) and MPLIK since 2008.

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  1. Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Yogyakarta, Indonesia

    Gilang Desti Parahita

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Correspondence to Gilang Desti Parahita .

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  1. Department of Communication and Journalism, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India

    Kiran Prasad

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Parahita, G.D. (2018). Shifts and Challenges of Communication for Sustainable Development in Indonesia. In: Prasad, K. (eds) Communication, Culture and Ecology. Communication, Culture and Change in Asia, vol 6. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7104-1_11

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