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How Would China Approach the European Rimland? The Pivots of Poland and the UK

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Destined Statecraft

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Abstract

The ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative aims to connect China with the Eurasian landmass through economic corridors, rail networks, infrastructural projects and cultural exchanges, etc. In the previous chapters, I have covered various states in the Asian rimland. How would China approach the European rimland? This chapter will answer this question with the case studies of Poland and the UK . Approaching from critical realism, while I will analyse the geopolitical conflicts between Russia and the European Union since 2006 and 2014 in the light of their common realist security-seeking pattern, I will examine the bilateral relations between Poland and China, and between the UK and China through the structural lens of the European states’ strategic habitus , their international trade pattern and unique economic developmental pathways, which they are destined to be. Destined statecraft therefore highlights the necessary wisdom to not just honestly acknowledge, but also to unselectively embrace the embedded structural constraints of the bilateral relations between two engaging countries. In devising a better foreign policy for a mutually beneficial relationship, the involving countries would constitute a ‘community of shared destiny’ .

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The signing members were Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and UK, whereas Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands are the founding countries, the other six countries (Denmark, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and the UK) are considered in the outer circle.

  2. 2.

    Source: ‘Russia Bans Import of Food from West in Response to Sanctions’ VOA News. 7 August 2014.

  3. 3.

    Sources: (1) ‘China, Poland Agree on Better Cooperation’ China Daily. 24 November 2015. (2) ‘Interview: Poland Can Act as Ambassador in Relations between China, Europe: Polish President’ Xinhua News. 21 November 2015. (3) ‘More Chinese Investment Expected in Poland’ CCTV News. 24 November 2015. (4) ‘波蘭留學:搭上 “一帶一路” 的順風車--專訪波蘭駐華大使林譽平 (Mr. Miroslaw Gajewski). 留學 (Studying Abroad Magazine). 第22期:35-39頁;2015年11月20日’。.

  4. 4.

    In general, the Central and Eastern European region may consist of the following countries: Poland, Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, Serbia, Macedonia, Armenia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Russia and Georgia as well as Kazakhstan.

  5. 5.

    Here are the founding members of the AIIB in the Central and Eastern Europe region: Austria, Georgia, Germany, Poland and Russia.

  6. 6.

    Sources: (1) Xi Jinping (2015). ‘携手构建合作共赢新伙伴,同心打造人类命运共同体。[Let’s Join Hands to Construct Cooperative All-wins New Partnerships, Let’s Create a Human Community of Shared Destiny].’ Speech Delivered in the 70th Meeting of the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland (28 September 2015). People’s Daily. 29 September 2015. (2) Wang Yi (2016). ‘携手打造人类命运共同体。[Let’s Create]’ People’s Daily. 31 May 2016. (3) Xi Jinping (2017). ‘共同构建人类命运共同体——在联合国日内瓦总部的演讲。’ Speech Delivered in the United Nations Headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. 18 January 2017. Xinhua News. 19 January 2017. (4) ‘習近平聯合國演講:構建人類命運共同體。’ China Times. 19 January 2017.

  7. 7.

    The ‘CEE 16+1’ consists of the following countries in the Central and Eastern Europe: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Estonia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia and Slovenia.

  8. 8.

    Source: 《中華人民共和國和波蘭共和國聯合公報。》1997年11月17日。.

  9. 9.

    Joanna Wawrzyniah (2016). ‘Seminar: The Making of a War Story: The Politics of the Past in Poland, 1995–2015.’ Department of Politics, Languages & International Studies, University of Bath, UK, 12 April 2016.

  10. 10.

    Source: ‘Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road.’ National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China, with State Council, March 2015.

  11. 11.

    Sources: (1) ‘Chinese Ambassador: “2015 Is a Most Significant Year for UK-China Relations”’ Asia House. 5 August 2015. (2) ‘Xi’s Visit to Kick Off a Golden Age of China-UK Relations’ The Diplomat. 15 October 2015. (3) ‘China, Britain to Benefit from “Golden Era” in Ties—Cameron.’ Reuters. 18 October 2015. (4) ‘China and Britain Head into Golden Era of Relations.’ China Daily. 20 October 2015. (5) ‘China, Britain Open Up “Golden Era” with Billions of Dollars in Deals.’ Xinhua News. 22 October 2015.

  12. 12.

    Source: ‘David Cameron Officially Resigns as the UK Prime Minister’ The Independent. 13 July 2016.

  13. 13.

    Source: ‘Why Britain Is so Eurosceptic?’ The Economist. 3 May 2015.

  14. 14.

    Sources: (1) ‘In ‘Brexit’ Vote, David Cameron Faces Problem of His Own Making’ The New York Times. 21 June 2016. (2) ‘These 3 Facts Explain Why the U.K. Held the ‘Brexit’ Referendum’ Time. 24 June 2016.

  15. 15.

    Source: ‘David Cameron Defends Decision to Allow Scottish Independence Vote’ The Guardian. 8 May 2014.

  16. 16.

    This strategy proved to be successful when the populist Brexit campaigner Boris Johnson decided not to run for the prime ministership once an in-party poll result was in favour of Theresa May in late June 2016. Johnson’s decision actually restored the internal solidarity among the Brexit wing and Remain camp of the Conservative Party. Sources: (1) ‘Ex-London Mayor Halts Bids to be UK Prime Minister Upends Race.’ Reuters. 30 June 2016. (2) ‘脫歐派大將、前倫敦市長約翰遜宣布棄選首相。’ 端傳媒. 30 June 2016.

  17. 17.

    Sources: (1) ‘Brexit: Jeremy Corbyn May Have Voted to Leave, Claims Chris Bryant.’ The Independent. 27 June 2016. (2) ‘Jeremy Corbyn Refuses to Confirm He Voted “Remain” at EU Referendum, Claims Chris Bryant.’ The Huffington Post. 27 June 2016. (3) ‘How the United Kingdom Voted on Thursday … and Why.’ Lord Ashcroft Polls (www.lordashcorftpolls.com). 24 June 2016.

  18. 18.

    Sources: (1) ‘Most MPs are Terrified of Opposing Brexit Because the Constituency Vote for Leave is Far Greater than the National Vote.’ Business Insider UK. 30 October 2016. (2) ‘If you think Corbyn’s Wrong on Labour’s Brexit Policy, Voters Say Otherwise.’ The Guardian. 2 February 2017. (3) ‘Revealed: The Crucial Statistic Showing Why MPs Must Not Vote against Article 50.’ Express. 4 November 2016.

  19. 19.

    Sources: (1) ‘Most MPs are Terrified of Opposing Brexit Because the Constituency Vote for Leave is Far Greater than the National Vote.’ Business Insider UK. 30 October 2016. (2) ‘If you think Corbyn’s Wrong on Labour’s Brexit Policy, Voters Say Otherwise.’ The Guardian. 2 February 2017. (3) ‘Revealed: The Crucial Statistic Showing Why MPs Must Not Vote against Article 50.’ Express. 4 November 2016.

  20. 20.

    Sources: (1) ‘Donald Trump is a Disaster for Brexit.’ Financial Times. 30 January 2017. (2) ‘Preparing for the UK's Brexit Negotiation.’ Chatham House. 5August 2016. (3) ‘Britain is Caught Between Trump and a Hard Place’. Chatham House. 16 November 2016.

  21. 21.

    Sources: (1) ‘Criticism of Germany Reveals the Trump Administration’s Economic Incoherence.’ Chatham House. 3 February 2017. (2) ‘Russia: We Want to Normalize Relations with US, Europe.’ CNN News. 25 January 2017. (3) ‘Russifying of America Commences.’ The New York Times. 22 February 2017. (4) ‘Trump Will Withdraw U.S. from Paris Climate Agreement.’ The New York Times. 1 June 2017.

  22. 22.

    Source: UK Regional Trade Regional Trade Statistics Releases and Commentaries (2011–2016). London: United Kingdom HM Revenue & Customs. URL: https://www.uktradeinfo.com/Statistics/RTS/Pages/RTSArchive.aspx (Retrieved on 5 June 2017).

  23. 23.

    Source: ‘UK Trade Deficit Expands in June.’ Financial Times. 8 August 2014.

  24. 24.

    These are the Scotland Act 1998, the Government of Wales Act 1998 and The Good Friday Agreement and Northern Ireland Act 1998.

  25. 25.

    Sources: (1) Joshua P. Meltzer (2016). ‘Brexit: Less Freedom, Economic Costs, Meaner Politics.’ Brookings Briefs. Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution. 24 June 2016. (2) 「一張圖看懂:英國脫歐如何影響你。」端傳媒 (www.project.initiumlab.com/brexit-interactive/) No date (Retrieved on 5 July 2016). (3) David Dollar (2016). ‘Brexit Aftermath: The West’s Decline and China’s Rise.’ Brookings Briefs. Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution. 27 June 2016. (4). ‘中英“黄金時代”不會因英脫歐而改變。’ 人民日報海外版 (http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrbhwb/html/2016-06/25/content_1690257.htm) 25 June 2016.

  26. 26.

    Source: HM Treasury (2016). ‘China Chooses London for Its First Ever Sovereign renminbi (RMB) Bond Issued outside of China.’ Gov.uk. 26 May 2016. Website: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/china-chooses-london-for-its-first-ever-sovereign-renminbi-rmb-bond-issued-outside-of-china.

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  1. Department of Politics, Languages & International Studies, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, Bath and North East Somerset, BA2 7AY, UK

    Pak Nung Wong

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Wong, P. (2018). How Would China Approach the European Rimland? The Pivots of Poland and the UK. In: Destined Statecraft. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6563-7_7

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