Skip to main content

Colorectal Cancers Developed from Proximal and Distal Tumor Location Belong to the Distinct Genetic Entity and Show Different Oncologic Behavior

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Molecular Diagnosis and Targeting for Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancy

Part of the book series: Current Human Cell Research and Applications ((CHCRA))

  • 463 Accesses

Abstract

Colorectal cancer is now understood as a genetic disease.

Because of the importance of this highly prevalent disease, intense research efforts during the past two decades have focused on molecular processes to gain a better understanding of carcinogenesis. Since then, colorectal cancer has become a leading research model for the genetic basis of cancer. Attempt of molecular classification of colorectal cancer was made in order to offer precision medicine.

Colorectal cancer located either proximal or distal to the splenic flexure has been considered as belonging to different clinicopathological or physiological categories. Now, tumor location in colorectum is becoming an important surrogate marker to estimate prognosis and to determine the treatment decision including selection of chemotherapy agents for CRC.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 2011;61:69–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bufill JA. Colorectal cancer: evidence for distinct genetic categories based on proximal or distal tumor location. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113:779–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Langman J. Medical embryology. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Facer P, Bishop AE, Cole GA, Aitchison M, Kendall CH, van Aswegen G, Penketh RJ, Rodek CH, McKeever P, Polak JM. Developmental profile of chromogranin, hormonal peptides, and 5-hydroxytryptamine in gastrointestinal endocrine cells. Gastroenterology. 1989;97:48–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Matsubara N, Hietala OA, Gilmour SK, Yum KY, Litwin S, Watts P, Brennan O'B. Association between high levels of ornithine decarboxylase activity and favorable prognosis in human colorectal carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 1995;1:665–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Benedix F, Schmidt U, Mroczkowski P, Gastinger I, Lippert H, Kube R, Study Group Colon/Rectum C. Colon Carcinoma--classification into right and left sided cancer or according to colonic subsite?--analysis of 29,568 patients. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2011;37:134–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Matsubara N. Epigenetic regulation and colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2012;55:96–104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Iino H, Simms L, Young J, Arnold J, Winship IM, Webb SI, Furlong KL, Leggett B, Jass JR. DNA microsatellite instability and mismatch repair protein loss in adenomas presenting in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. Gut. 2000;47:37–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Vogelstein B, Fearon ER, Hamilton SR, Kern SE, Preisinger AC, Leppert M, Nakamura Y, White R, Smits AM, Bos JL. Genetic alterations during colorectal-tumor development. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:525–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kane MF, Loda M, Gaida GM, Lipman J, Mishra R, Goldman H, Jessup JM, Kolodner R. Methylation of the hMLH1 promoter correlates with lack of expression of hMLH1 in sporadic colon tumors and mismatch repair-defective human tumor cell lines. Cancer Res. 1997;57:808–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Herman JG, Umar A, Polyak K, Graff JR, Ahuja N, Issa JP, Markowitz S, Willson JK, Hamilton SR, Kinzler KW, Kane MF, Kolodner RD, Vogelstein B, Kunkel TA, Baylin SB. Incidence and functional consequences of hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation in colorectal carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:6870–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Nephew KP, Huang TH. Epigenetic gene silencing in cancer initiation and progression. Cancer Lett. 2003;190:125–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Feinberg AP, Tycko B. The history of cancer epigenetics. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004;4:143–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Jass JR. Classification of colorectal cancer based on correlation of clinical, morphological and molecular features. Histopathology. 2007;50:113–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Toyota M, Ahuja N, Ohe-Toyota M, Herman JG, Baylin SB, Issa JP. CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96:8681–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Rashid A, Issa JP. CpG island methylation in gastroenterologic neoplasia: a maturing field. Gastroenterology. 2004;127:1578–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Ward RL, Cheong K, Ku SL, Meagher A, O'Connor T, Hawkins NJ. Adverse prognostic effect of methylation in colorectal cancer is reversed by microsatellite instability. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:3729–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Weisenberger DJ, Siegmund KD, Campan M, Young J, Long TI, Faasse MA, Kang GH, Widschwendter M, Weener D, Buchanan D, Koh H, Simms L, Barker M, Leggett B, Levine J, Kim M, French AJ, Thibodeau SN, Jass J, Haile R, Laird PW. CpG island methylator phenotype underlies sporadic microsatellite instability and is tightly associated with BRAF mutation in colorectal cancer. Nat Genet. 2006;38:787–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Nagasaka T, Sasamoto H, Notohara K, Cullings HM, Takeda M, Kimura K, Kambara T, MacPhee DG, Young J, Leggett BA, Jass JR, Tanaka N, Matsubara N. Colorectal cancer with mutation in BRAF, KRAS, and wild-type with respect to both oncogenes showing different patterns of DNA methylation. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:4584–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Oberst MD, Beberman SJ, Zhao L, Yin JJ, Ward Y, Kelly K. TDAG51 is an ERK signaling target that opposes ERK-mediated HME16C mammary epithelial cell transformation. BMC Cancer. 2008;8:189.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Nagasaka T, Koi M, Kloor M, Gebert J, Vilkin A, Nishida N, Shin SK, Sasamoto H, Tanaka N, Matsubara N, Boland CR, Goel A. Mutations in both KRAS and BRAF may contribute to the methylator phenotype in colon cancer. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:1950–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Hoadley KA, Yau C, Wolf DM, Cherniack AD, Tamborero D, Ng S, Leiserson MD, Niu B, MD ML, Uzunangelov V, Zhang J, Kandoth C, Akbani R, Shen H, Omberg L, Chu A, Margolin AA, Van't Veer LJ, Lopez-Bigas N, Laird PW, Raphael BJ, Ding L, Robertson AG, Byers LA, Mills GB, Weinstein JN, Van Waes C, Chen Z, Collisson EA, Cancer Genome Atlas Research N, Benz CC, Perou CM, Stuart JM. Multiplatform analysis of 12 cancer types reveals molecular classification within and across tissues of origin. Cell. 2014;158:929–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Guinney J, Dienstmann R, Wang X, de Reynies A, Schlicker A, Soneson C, Marisa L, Roepman P, Nyamundanda G, Angelino P, Bot BM, Morris JS, Simon IM, Gerster S, Fessler E, EMF DS, Missiaglia E, Ramay H, Barras D, Homicsko K, Maru D, Manyam GC, Broom B, Boige V, Perez-Villamil B, Laderas T, Salazar R, Gray JW, Hanahan D, Tabernero J, Bernards R, Friend SH, Laurent-Puig P, Medema JP, Sadanandam A, Wessels L, Delorenzi M, Kopetz S, Vermeulen L, Tejpar S. The consensus molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer. Nat Med. 2015;21:1350–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Cancer Genome Atlas N. Comprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer. Nature. 2012;487:330–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Tejpar S, Stintzing S, Ciardiello F, Tabernero J, Van Cutsem E, Beier F, Esser R, Lenz HJ, Heinemann V. Prognostic and predictive relevance of primary tumor location in patients with RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer: retrospective analyses of the CRYSTAL and FIRE-3 trials. JAMA Oncol. 2016;3(2):194–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Sadanandam A, Lyssiotis CA, Homicsko K, Collisson EA, Gibb WJ, Wullschleger S, Ostos LC, Lannon WA, Grotzinger C, Del Rio M, Lhermitte B, Olshen AB, Wiedenmann B, Cantley LC, Gray JW, Hanahan D. A colorectal cancer classification system that associates cellular phenotype and responses to therapy. Nat Med. 2013;19:619–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Loupakis F, Yang D, Yau L, Feng S, Cremolini C, Zhang W, Maus MK, Antoniotti C, Langer C, Scherer SJ, Muller T, Hurwitz HI, Saltz L, Falcone A, Lenz HJ. Primary tumor location as a prognostic factor in metastatic colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015;107:dju427.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. von Einem JC, Heinemann V, von Weikersthal LF, Vehling-Kaiser U, Stauch M, Hass HG, Decker T, Klein S, Held S, Jung A, Kirchner T, Haas M, Holch J, Michl M, Aubele P, Boeck S, Schulz C, Giessen C, Stintzing S, Modest DP. Left-sided primary tumors are associated with favorable prognosis in patients with KRAS codon 12/13 wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer treated with cetuximab plus chemotherapy: an analysis of the AIO KRK-0104 trial. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2014;140:1607–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Price TJ, Beeke C, Ullah S, Padbury R, Maddern G, Roder D, Townsend AR, Moore J, Roy A, Tomita Y, Karapetis C. Does the primary site of colorectal cancer impact outcomes for patients with metastatic disease? Cancer. 2015;121:830–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nagahide Matsubara .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Matsubara, N. (2018). Colorectal Cancers Developed from Proximal and Distal Tumor Location Belong to the Distinct Genetic Entity and Show Different Oncologic Behavior. In: Shimada, Y., Yanaga, K. (eds) Molecular Diagnosis and Targeting for Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancy. Current Human Cell Research and Applications. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6469-2_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6469-2_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-10-6468-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-10-6469-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics