Abstract
The field of biomedical applications for hydrogels requires the development of nanostructures with specific controlled diameter and mechanical properties. Nanofibers are ideal candidates for these advanced requirements, and one of the easiest techniques that can produce one-dimensional nanostructured materials in fibrous form is the electrospinning process. This technique provides extremely thin fibers with controlled diameter and highly porous microstructure with interconnected pores. Electrospinning demonstrates extreme versatility allowing the use of different polymers for tailoring properties and applications. It is a simple cost-effective method for the preparation of scaffolds. In this section, we will discuss recent and specific applications with a focus on their mechanisms. As such, we conclude this section with a discussion on perspectives and future possibilities on this field.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abdal-Hay A, Hussein KH, Casettari L et al (2016) Fabrication of novel high performance ductile poly(lactic acid) nanofiber scaffold coated with poly(vinyl alcohol) for tissue engineering applications. Mater Sci Eng, C 60:143–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.11.024
Ahire JJ, Neveling DP, Hattingh M, Dicks LMT (2015) Ciprofloxacin-Eluting nanofibers inhibits biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS ONE 10:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123648
Alvarez Perez MA, Guarino V, Cirillo V, Ambrosio L (2012) In vitro mineralization and bone osteogenesis in poly(ε-caprolactone)/gelatin nanofibers. J Biomed Mater Res A 100:3008–3019. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.34233
Alvarez OM, Mertz PM, Eaglstein WH (1983) The effect of occlusive dressings on collagen synthesis and re-epithelialization in superficial wounds. J Surg Res 35:142–148
Anitha A, Sowmya S, Kumar PTS et al (2014) Chitin and chitosan in selected biomedical applications. Prog Polym Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.02.008
Araujo JV, Martins A, Leonor IB, et al (2008) Surface controlled biomimetic coating of polycaprolactone nanofiber meshes to be used as bone extracellular matrix analogues. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 19:1261–78. https://doi.org/10.1163/156856208786052335
Arshad HM, Mohiuddin OA, Bilal M (2012) Comparative in vitro antibacterial analysis of different brands of cefixime against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. 02:109–113
Badami AS, Kreke MR, Thompson MS et al (2006) Effect of fiber diameter on spreading, proliferation, and differentiation of osteoblastic cells on electrospun poly(lactic acid) substrates. Biomaterials 27:596–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.05.084
Baker BM, Gee AO, Metter RB et al (2008) The potential to improve cell infiltration in composite fiber-aligned electrospun scaffolds by the selective removal of sacrificial fibers. Biomaterials 29:2348–2358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.01.032
Becerra J, Andrades JA, Guerado E et al (2010) Articular cartilage: structure and regeneration. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 16:617–627
Berger FM, Ludwig BJ, Wielich KH (1953) The hydrophilic and acid binding properties of alginates. Am J Dig Dis 20:39–42
Berger J, Reist M, Mayer JM et al (2004) Structure and interactions in covalently and ionically crosslinked chitosan hydrogels for biomedical applications. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 57:19–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0939-6411(03)00161-9
Bergeron MG, Turcotte A (1986) penetration of cefixime into fibrin clots and in vivo efficacy against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 30:913–916
Bhardwaj N, Kundu SC (2010) Electrospinning: a fascinating fiber fabrication technique. Biotechnol Adv 28:325–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.01.004
Binulal NS, Natarajan A, Menon D et al (2014) PCL-gelatin composite nanofibers electrospun using diluted acetic acid-ethyl acetate solvent system for stem cell-based bone tissue engineering. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 25:325–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/09205063.2013.859872
Bock N, Dargaville TR, Woodruff MA (2012) Electrospraying of polymers with therapeutic molecules: state of the art. Prog Polym Sci 37:1510–1551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.03.002
Bosworth LA, Turner LA, Cartmell SH (2013) State of the art composites comprising electrospun fibres coupled with hydrogels: a review. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 9:322–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2012.10.008
Brown TD, Dalton PD, Hutmacher DW (2011) Direct writing by way of melt electrospinning. Adv Mater 23:5651–5657. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201103482
Cai YZ, Zhang GR, Wang LL, et al (2012) Novel biodegradable three-dimensional macroporous scaffold using aligned electrospun nanofibrous yarns for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 100:1187–1194. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.34063
Canillas M, de Lima GG, Rodríguez MA, et al (2015) Bioactive composites fabricated by freezing-thawing method for bone regeneration applications. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.23974
Casper CL, Stephens JS (2004) Controlling surface morphology of electrospun polysterene fibers: effect of humidity and molecular weight in electrospinning process. Macromolecules 37:573–578
Chan CK, Liao S, Li B et al (2009) Early adhesive behavior of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on collagen electrospun fibers. Biomed Mater 4:035006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/4/3/035006
Chaterji S, Kwon IK, Park K (2007) Smart polymeric gels: redefining the limits of biomedical devices. Prog Polym Sci 32:1083–1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.05.018
Chen C, Lv G, Pan C et al (2007) Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) based nanocomposites—a novel way of drug-releasing. Biomed Mater 2:L1–L4. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/2/4/L01
Chen G, Lv Y (2015) Immobilization and application of electrospun nanofiber scaffold-based growth factor in bone tissue engineering. Curr Pharm Des 21:1967–1978
Choi JS, Kim HS, Yoo HS (2015) Electrospinning strategies of drug-incorporated nanofibrous mats for wound recovery. Drug Deliv Transl Res 5:137–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-013-0148-9
San Choi J, Lee SJ, Christ GJ, et al (2008) The influence of electrospun aligned poly(ε-caprolactone)/collagen nanofiber meshes on the formation of self-aligned skeletal muscle myotubes. Biomaterials 29:2899–2906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.03.031
Christopherson GT, Song H, Mao HQ (2009) The influence of fiber diameter of electrospun substrates on neural stem cell differentiation and proliferation. Biomaterials 30:556–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.10.004
Chua K-N, Chai C, Lee P-C et al (2006) Surface-aminated electrospun nanofibers enhance adhesion and expansion of human umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Biomaterials 27:6043–6051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.06.017
Chuachamsai A, Lertviriyasawat S, Danwanichakul P (2008) Spinnability and defect formation of chitosan/ poly vinyl alcohol electrospun nanofibers. Water 13:24–29
Cosme JGL, Silva VM, Nunes RRC, Picciani PHS (2016) Development of biobased poly (lactic acid)/epoxidized natural rubber blends processed by electrospinning: morphological, Structural and thermal properties. 210–219
Cui W, Jin Y, Zhu X, Li X (2008) Electrospun fibrous mats with high porosity as potential scaffolds for skin tissue engineering. Biomacromol 9:1795–1801. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm800476u
Cui W, Li X, Zhu X et al (2006) Investigation of drug release and matrix degradation of electrospun poly (DL-lactide) fibers with paracetanol inoculation. Biomacromol 7:1623–1629. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm060057z
Daming Z, Jiang C (2008) Electrospinning of three-dimensional nanofibrous tubes with controllable architectures. Nano Lett 8:3283–3287. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl801667s
de Lima GG, De Souza RO, Bozzi AD et al (2015a) Extraction method plays critical role in antibacterial activity of propolis-loaded hydrogels. J Pharm Sci 105:1248–1257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2015.12.027
de Lima GG, Kanwar D, Macken D, et al (2015b) Smart hydrogels: therapeutic advancements in hydrogel technology for smart drug delivery applications. In: Thakur VK, Thakur MK (eds) Handbook of polymers for pharmaceutical technologies, 1st edn. Wiley, New York, pp 1–16
De Vrieze S, Van Camp T, Nelvig A et al (2009) The effect of temperature and humidity on electrospinning. J Mater Sci 44:1357–1362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-008-3010-6
Deepthi S, Jeevitha K, Nivedhitha Sundaram M et al (2015) Chitosan-hyaluronic acid hydrogel coated poly(caprolactone) multiscale bilayer scaffold for ligament regeneration. Chem Eng J 260:478–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.08.106
Deitzel J, Kleinmeyer J, Harris D, Beck Tan N (2001) The effect of processing variables on the morphology of electrospun nanofibers and textiles. Polymer (Guildf) 42:261–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00250-0
Del Gaudio C, Bianco A, Folin M et al (2009) Structural characterization and cell response evaluation of electrospun PCL membranes: micrometric versus submicrometric fibers. J Biomed Mater Res A 89A:1028–1039. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.32048
Delmar K, Bianco-Peled H (2016) Composite chitosan hydrogels for extended release of hydrophobic drugs. Carbohydr Polym 136:570–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.072
Du J, Shintay S, Zhang X (2008) Diameter control of electrospun polyacrylonitrile/iron acetylacetonate ultrafine nanofibers. J Polym Sci, Part B: Polym Phys 46:1611–1618
Dumville JC, O’Meara S, Deshpande S, Speak K (2013) Hydrogel dressings for healing diabetic foot ulcers
Eda G, Shivkumar S (2007) Bead-to-fiber transition in electrospun polystyrene. J Appl Polym Sci 106:475–487
Ercolani E, Del Gaudio C, Bianco A (2015) Vascular tissue engineering of small-diameter blood vessels: reviewing the electrospinning approach. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 9:861–888. https://doi.org/10.1002/term.1697
Felice B, Prabhakaran MP, Zamani M et al (2015) Electrosprayed poly(vinyl alcohol) particles: preparation and evaluation of their drug release profile. Polym Int 64:1722–1732. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.4972
Fogaça R, Catalani LH (2013) PVP hydrogel membranes produced by electrospinning for protein release devices. Soft Mater 11:61–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/1539445X.2011.580411
Fong H, Fong H, Chun I et al (1999) Beaded nano bers formed during electrospinning. Polymer (Guildf) 40:4585–4592
Franco RA, Min YK, Yang HM, Lee BT (2012) On stabilization of PVPA/PVA electrospun nanofiber membrane and its effect on material properties and biocompatibility. J Nanomater. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/393042
Frenot A, Chronakis IS (2003) Polymer nanofibers assembled by electrospinning. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 8:64–75
Geng X, Kwon OH, Jang J (2005) Electrospinning of chitosan dissolved in concentrated acetic acid solution. Biomaterials 26:5427–5432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.01.066
Gilchrist SE, Lange D, Letchford K et al (2013) Fusidic acid and rifampicin co-loaded PLGA nanofibers for the prevention of orthopedic implant associated infections. J Control Release 170:64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.04.012
Goonoo N, Bhaw-Luximon A, Jhurry D (2014) Drug loading and release from electrospun biodegradable nanofibers. J Biomed Nanotechnol 10:2173–2199. https://doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2014.1885
Greiner A, Wendorff JH (2007) Electrospinning: a fascinating method for the preparation of ultrathin fibers. Angew Chemie—Int Ed 46:5670–5703. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200604646
Gualandi C, Torricelli P, Panzavolta S et al (2016) An innovative co-axial system to electrospin in situ crosslinked gelatin nanofibers. Biomed Mater 11:025007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/11/2/025007
Guarino V, Cirillo V, Altobelli R, Ambrosio L (2015) Polymer-based platforms by electric field-assisted techniques for tissue engineering and cancer therapy. Expert Rev Med Devices 12:113–129. https://doi.org/10.1586/17434440.2014.953058
Gunn J, Zhang M (2010) Polyblend nanofibers for biomedical applications: perspectives and challenges. Trends Biotechnol 28:189–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2009.12.006
Gupta P, Elkins C, Long TE, Wilkes GL (2005) Electrospinning of linear homopolymers of poly(methyl methacrylate): exploring relationships between fiber formation, viscosity, molecular weight and concentration in a good solvent. Polymer (Guildf) 46:4799–4810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.04.021
Hager BL, Berry GC (1982) Moderately concentrated solutions of polystyrene. I. Viscosity as a function of concentration, temperature, and molecular weight. J Polym Sci Polym Phys Ed 20:911–928
Hassan CM, Peppas N (2000) Structure and morphology of freeze/thawed PVA hydrogels. Macromolecules 33:2472–2479. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma9907587
He L, Liao S, Quan D et al (2010) Synergistic effects of electrospun PLLA fiber dimension and pattern on neonatal mouse cerebellum C17.2 stem cells. Acta Biomater 6:2960–2969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2010.02.039
Hodde D, Gerardo-Nava J, Wöhlk V et al (2015) Characterisation of cell-substrate interactions between Schwann cells and three-dimensional fibrin hydrogels containing orientated nanofibre topographical cues. Eur J Neurosci 43:376–387. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.13026
Hou Z, Yang P, Lian H et al (2009) Multifunctional hydroxyapatite nanofibers and microbelts as drug carriers. Chem—A Eur J 15:6973–6982. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.200900269
Hu J, Li H-Y, Williams GR et al (2016a) Electrospun poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)/ethyl cellulose nanofibers as thermoresponsive drug delivery systems. J Pharm Sci 105:1104–1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3549(15)00191-4
Hu J, Tian L, Prabhakaran MP et al (2016b) Fabrication of nerve growth factor encapsulated aligned poly (ε-caprolactone) nanofibers and their assessment as a potential neural tissue engineering scaffold. Polymers (Basel) 8:54
Huang C, Chen S, Lai C et al (2006) Electrospun polymer nanofibres with small diameters. Nanotechnology 17:1558
Huang LY, Branford-White C, Shen XX et al (2012) Time-engineeringed biphasic drug release by electrospun nanofiber meshes. Int J Pharm 436:88–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.06.058
Huang S, Fu X (2010) Naturally derived materials-based cell and drug delivery systems in skin regeneration. J Control Release 142:149–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.10.018
Hunt TK, Knighton DR, Thakral KK et al (1984) Studies on inflammation and wound healing: angiogenesis and collagen synthesis stimulated in vivo by resident and activated wound macrophages. Surgery 96:48–54
Husain O, Lau W, Edirisinghe M, Parhizkar M (2016) Investigating the particle to fibre transition threshold during electrohydrodynamic atomization of a polymer solution. Mater Sci Eng, C 65:240–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.03.076
Ishii Y, Sakai H, Murata H (2008) A new electrospinning method to control the number and a diameter of uniaxially aligned polymer fibers. Mater Lett 62:3370–3372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2008.03.038
Ito Y, Hasuda H, Kamitakahara M et al (2005) A composite of hydroxyapatite with electrospun biodegradable nanofibers as a tissue engineering material. J Biosci Bioeng 100:43–49. https://doi.org/10.1263/jbb.100.43
Jalaja K, Naskar D, Kundu SC, James NR (2016) Potential of electrospun core-shell structured gelatin-chitosan nanofibers for biomedical applications. Carbohydr Polym 136:1098–1107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.10.014
Jamadi ES, Ghasemi-Mobarakeh L, Morshed M et al (2016) Synthesis of polyester urethane urea and fabrication of elastomeric nanofibrous scaffolds for myocardial regeneration. Mater Sci Eng, C 63:106–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.02.051
Kai D, Jin G, Prabhakaran MP, Ramakrishna S (2013) Electrospun synthetic and natural nanofibers for regenerative medicine and stem cells. Biotechnol J 8:59–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.201200249
Kai D, Liow SS, Loh XJ (2015) Biodegradable polymers for electrospinning: towards biomedical applications. Mater Sci Eng, C 45:659–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2014.04.051
Kang MS, Kim JH, Singh RK et al (2015) Therapeutic-designed electrospun bone scaffolds: mesoporous bioactive nanocarriers in hollow fiber composites to sequentially deliver dual growth factors. Acta Biomater 16:103–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2014.12.028
Karatay O, Dogan M, Uyar T et al (2014) An alternative electrospinning approach with varying electric field for 2-D-aligned nanofibers. IEEE Trans Nanotechnol 13:101–108. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNANO.2013.2293704
Khadka DB, Haynie DT (2012) Protein- and peptide-based electrospun nanofibers in medical biomaterials. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 8:1242–1262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2012.02.013
Khorshidi S, Solouk A, Mirzadeh H, et al (2015) A review of key challenges of electrospun scaffolds for tissue‐engineering applications
Ki CS, Baek DH, Gang KD et al (2005) Characterization of gelatin nanofiber prepared from gelatin-formic acid solution. Polymer (Guildf) 46:5094–5102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.04.040
Kim ES, Kim SH, Lee CH (2010) Electrospinning of polylactide fibers containing silver nanoparticles. Macromol Res 18:215–221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-010-0316-4
Kim J, Reneker DH (1999) Polybenzimidazole nanofiber produced by electrospinning. Polym Eng Sci 39:849–854. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.11473
Kim KH, Jeong L, Park HN et al (2005) Biological efficacy of silk fibroin nanofiber membranes for guided bone regeneration. J Biotechnol 120:327–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.06.033
Kim TG, Chung HJ, Park TG (2008) Macroporous and nanofibrous hyaluronic acid/collagen hybrid scaffold fabricated by concurrent electrospinning and deposition/leaching of salt particles. Acta Biomater 4:1611–1619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2008.06.008
Klein TJ, Malda J, Sah RL, Hutmacher DW (2009) Tissue engineering of articular cartilage with biomimetic zones. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 15:143–157
Laha A, Yadav S, Majumdar S, Sharma CS (2016) In-vitro release study of hydrophobic drug using electrospun cross-linked gelatin nanofibers 105:481–488
Lai G-J, Shalumon KT, Chen S-H, Chen J-P (2014) Composite chitosan/silk fibroin nanofibers for modulation of osteogenic differentiation and proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Carbohydr Polym 111:288–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.094
Langer R, Peppas NA (2003) Advances in biomaterials, drug delivery, and bionanotechnology. AIChE J 49:2990–3006
Lanza R, Langer R, Vacanti JP (2011) Principles of tissue engineering. Academic press
Larrondo L, St. John Manley R (1981) Electrostatic fiber spinning from polymer melts. I. Experimental observations on fiber formation and properties. J Polym Sci Polym Phys Ed 19:909–920
Lee J, Jung E, Lee J et al (2007) Panax ginseng induces human Type I collagen synthesis through activation of Smad signaling. J Ethnopharmacol 109:29–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.06.008
Lee JH, Shin DW, Nam KB et al (2016) Continuous bundles of aligned electrospun PAN nano-fiber using electrostatic spiral collector and converging coil. Polymer (Guildf) 84:52–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2015.11.046
Lee JI, Yoo HS (2008) Biodegradable microspheres containing poly (epsilon-caprolactone)-Pluronic block copolymers for temperature-responsive release of proteins. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 61:81–87
Lee P-Y, Li Z, Huang L (2003) Thermosensitive hydrogel as a Tgf-β1 gene delivery vehicle enhances diabetic wound healing. Pharm Res 20:1995–2000
Leung V, Ko F (2011) Biomedical applications of nanofibers. Polym Adv Technol 22:350–365
Li D, Wang Y, Xia Y (2003) Electrospinning of polymeric and ceramic nanofibers as uniaxially aligned arrays. Nano Lett 3:1167–1171. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0344256
Li D, Xia Y (2004) Electrospinning of nanofibers: reinventing the wheel? Adv Mater 16:1151–1170. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200400719
Li HY, Xu YC, Xu H, Chang J (2014) Electrospun membranes: control of the structure and structure related applications in tissue regeneration and drug delivery. J Mater Chem B 2:5492–5510. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4tb00913d
Li WJ, Mauck RL, Cooper JA et al (2007) Engineering controllable anisotropy in electrospun biodegradable nanofibrous scaffolds for musculoskeletal tissue engineering. J Biomech 40:1686–1693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2006.09.004
Li Z, Wang C (2013) Effects of working parameters on electrospinning. In: One-dimensional nanostructures. Springer, pp 15–28
Lin T (2011) Nanofibers-production, properties and functional applications. InTech
Linh NTB, Lee B-T (2012) Electrospinning of polyvinyl alcohol/gelatin nanofiber composites and cross-linking for bone tissue engineering application. J Biomater Appl 27:255–266. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885328211401932
Liu W, Thomopoulos S, Xia Y (2012) Electrospun nanofibers for regenerative medicine. Adv Healthc Mater 1:10–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201100021
Liu Z, Sun DD, Guo P, Leckie JO (2007) An efficient bicomponent TiO2/SnO2 nanofiber photocatalyst fabricated by electrospinning with a side-by-side dual spinneret method. Nano Lett 7:1081–1085. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl061898e
Loh XJ, Peh P, Liao S et al (2010) Controlled drug release from biodegradable thermoresponsive physical hydrogel nanofibers. J Control Release 143:175–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.12.030
Lubasova D, Niu H, Zhao X, Lin T (2015) Hydrogel properties of electrospun polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyvinylpyrrolidone/poly(acrylic acid) blend nanofibers. RSC Adv 5:54481–54487. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA07514A
Ma G, Fang D, Liu Y et al (2012) Electrospun sodium alginate/poly(ethylene oxide) core-shell nanofibers scaffolds potential for tissue engineering applications. Carbohydr Polym 87:737–743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.08.055
Ma PX (2004) Scaffolds for tissue fabrication. Mater Today 7:30–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(04)00233-0
Mahoney C, Conklin D, Waterman J, et al (2016) Electrospun Nanofibers of Poly (ε-caprolactone)/Depolymerized Chitosan for Respiratory Tissue Engineering Applications. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 1–21
Mallick SP, Pal K, Rastogi A, Srivastava P (2016) Evaluation of poly(L-lactide) and chitosan composite scaffolds for cartilage tissue regeneration. Des Monomers Polym 19:271–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/15685551.2015.1136535
Manna U, Patil S (2009) Borax mediated layer-by-layer self-assembly of neutral poly(vinyl alcohol) and chitosan. J Phys Chem B 113:9137–9142. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9025333
McCullen SD, Autefage H, Callanan A et al (2012) Anisotropic fibrous scaffolds for articular cartilage regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A 18:2073–2083. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEA.2011.0606
McKenzie M, Betts D, Suh A et al (2015) Hydrogel-based drug delivery systems for poorly water-soluble drugs. Molecules 20:20397–20408. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules201119705
McMahon RE, Qu X, Jimenez-Vergara AC, et al (2011) Hydrogel—electrospun mesh composites for coronary artery bypass grafts. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.tec.2010.0427
Meng L, Klinkajon W, K-hasuwan PR et al (2015) Electrospun crosslinked poly(acrylic acid) fiber constructs: towards a synthetic model of the cortical layer of nerve. Polym Int 64:42–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.4793
Meng ZX, Zheng W, Li L, Zheng YF (2011) Fabrication, characterization and in vitro drug release behavior of electrospun PLGA/chitosan nanofibrous scaffold. Mater Chem Phys 125:606–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.10.010
Merkle VM, Tran PL, Hutchinson M et al (2015) Core-shell PVA/gelatin electrospun nanofibers promote human umbilical vein endothelial cell and smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Acta Biomater 27:77–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2015.08.044
Merkle VM, Zeng L, Slepian MJ, Wu X (2014) Core-shell nanofibers: integrating the bioactivity of gelatin and the mechanical property of polyvinyl alcohol. Biopolymers 101:336–346. https://doi.org/10.1002/bip.22367
Miao Y-E, Liu T (2015) Electrospun biopolymer nanofibers and their composites for drug delivery applications. Biodegrad Polyesters 275–298. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527656950.ch11
Shin Michael, Yoshimoto H, Vacanti JP (2004) In vivo bone tissue engineering using mesenchymal stem cells on a novel electrospun nanofibrous scaffold. Tissue Eng 10:33–41. https://doi.org/10.1089/107632704322791673
Miraftab M, Saifullah AN, Çay A (2015) Physical stabilisation of electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibres: comparative study on methanol and heat-based crosslinking. J Mater Sci 50:1943–1957. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8759-1
Mogoşanu GD, Grumezescu AM (2014) Natural and synthetic polymers for wounds and burns dressing. Int J Pharm 463:127–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.12.015
Montesano R, Orci L (1988) Transforming growth factor beta stimulates collagen-matrix contraction by fibroblasts: implications for wound healing. Proc Natl Acad Sci 85:4894–4897
Moses H, Gregory R, Michael P (2001) Electrospinning and electrically forced jets. II, Applications
Nasouri K, Bahrambeygi H, Rabbi A et al (2012) Modeling and optimization of electrospun PAN nanofiber diameter using response surface methodology and artificial neural networks. J Appl Polym Sci 126:127–135
Neamnark A, Rujiravanit R, Supaphol P (2006) Electrospinning of hexanoyl chitosan. Carbohydr Polym 66:298–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.03.015
Nguyen MK, Alsberg E (2014) Bioactive factor delivery strategies from engineered polymer hydrogels for therapeutic medicine. Prog Polym Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.12.001
Nitanan T, Akkaramongkolporn P, Rojanarata T et al (2013) Neomycin-loaded poly(styrene sulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) (PSSA-MA)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) ion exchange nanofibers for wound dressing materials. Int J Pharm 448:71–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.03.011
Okamoto M, John B (2013) Synthetic biopolymer nanocomposites for tissue engineering scaffolds. Prog Polym Sci 38:1487–1503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.06.001
Paaver U, Heinämäki J, Laidmäe I, et al (2015) Electrospun nanofibers as a potential controlled-release solid dispersion system for poorly water-soluble drugs. Int J Pharm 479:252–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.12.024
Pajoumshariati S, Yavari SK, Shokrgozar MA (2015) Physical and biological modification of polycaprolactone electrospun nanofiber by panax ginseng extract for bone tissue engineering application. Ann Biomed Eng 44:1808–1820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-015-1478-1
Pangon A, Saesoo S, Saengkrit N et al (2016) Hydroxyapatite-hybridized chitosan/chitin whisker bionanocomposite fibers for bone tissue engineering applications. Carbohydr Polym 144:419–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.02.053
Parratt K, Yao N (2013) Nanostructured biomaterials and their applications. nanomaterials 3:242–271. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano3020242
Paul W, Sharma CP (2004) Chitosan and alginate wound dressings: a short review. Trends Biomater Artif Organs 18:18–23
Peppas N (2000) Hydrogels in pharmaceutical formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 50:27–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0939-6411(00)00090-4
Peppas N a., Sahlin JJ (1996) Hydrogels as mucoadhesive and bioadhesive materials: a review. Biomaterials 17:1553–1561. https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-9612(95)00307-x
Persano L, Camposeo A, Tekmen C, Pisignano D (2013) Industrial upscaling of electrospinning and applications of polymer nanofibers: a review. Macromol Mater Eng 298:504–520. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201200290
Pillay V, Dott C, Choonara YE, et al (2013) A review of the effect of processing variables on the fabrication of electrospun nanofibers for drug delivery applications 22. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/789289
Prakash S, Khan A, Paul A (2010) Nanoscaffold based stem cell regeneration therapy: recent advancement and future potential. Expert Opin Biol Ther 10:1649–1661. https://doi.org/10.1517/14712598.2010.528387
Quarto R, Mastrogiacomo M, Cancedda R et al (2001) Repair of large bone defects with the use of autologous bone marrow stromal cells. N Engl J Med 344:385–386
Quinn JF, Johnston APR, Such GK et al (2007) Next generation, sequentially assembled ultrathin films: beyond electrostatics. Chem Soc Rev 36:707–718. https://doi.org/10.1039/b610778h
Rnjak-Kovacina J, Weiss AS (2011) Increasing the pore size of electrospun scaffolds. Tissue Eng B, Rev 17:365–372. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.teb.2011.0235
Rogina A (2014) Electrospinning process: versatile preparation method for biodegradable and natural polymers and biocomposite systems applied in tissue engineering and drug delivery. Appl Surf Sci 296:221–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.01.098
Ruckh TT, Kumar K, Kipper MJ, Popat KC (2010) Osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells on poly(ε-caprolactone) nanofiber scaffolds. Acta Biomater 6:2949–2959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2010.02.006
Sabitha M, Rajiv S (2015) Preparation and characterization of ampicillin-incorporated electrospun polyurethane scaffolds for wound healing and infection control. Polym Eng Sci 55:541–548
Samchenko Y, Ulberg Z, Korotych O (2011) Multipurpose smart hydrogel systems. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 168:247–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2011.06.005
Shahzad S, Yar M, Siddiqi SA et al (2015) Chitosan-based electrospun nanofibrous mats, hydrogels and cast films: novel anti-bacterial wound dressing matrices. J Mater Sci Mater Med 26:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-015-5462-y
Shalumon KT, Deepthi S, Anupama MS, et al (2015) Fabrication of poly (l-lactic acid)/gelatin composite tubular scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 72:1048–1055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.09.058
Shenoy SL, Bates WD, Frisch HL, Wnek GE (2005a) Role of chain entanglements on fiber formation during electrospinning of polymer solutions: good solvent, non-specific polymer-polymer interaction limit. Polymer (Guildf) 46:3372–3384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.03.011
Shenoy SL, Bates WD, Wnek G (2005b) Correlations between electrospinnability and physical gelation. Polymer (Guildf) 46:8990–9004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.06.053
Shi Q, Fan Q, Ye W et al (2015) Binary release of ascorbic acid and lecithin from core-shell nanofibers on blood-contacting surface for reducing long-term hemolysis of erythrocyte. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces 125:28–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.11.013
Shin S-Y, Park H-N, Kim K-H et al (2005) Biological evaluation of chitosan nanofiber membrane for guided bone regeneration. J Periodontol 76:1778–1784
Simionescu BC, Ivanov D (2016) Natural and synthetic polymers for designing composite materials. Handb Bioceram Biocomposites 233–286
Steele JAM, McCullen SD, Callanan A et al (2014) Combinatorial scaffold morphologies for zonal articular cartilage engineering. Acta Biomater 10:2065–2075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2013.12.030
Stefani I, Cooper-White JJ (2016) Development of an in-process UV-crosslinked, electrospun PCL/aPLA-co-TMC composite polymer for tubular tissue engineering applications. Acta Biomater 36:231–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2016.03.013
Stitzel J, Liu J, Lee SJ et al (2006) Controlled fabrication of a biological vascular substitute. Biomaterials 27:1088–1094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.07.048
Su Y, Su Q, Liu W et al (2012) Controlled release of bone morphogenetic protein 2 and dexamethasone loaded in core-shell PLLACL-collagen fibers for use in bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 8:763–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2011.11.002
Taepaiboon P, Rungsardthong U, Supaphol P (2006) Drug-loaded electrospun mats of poly(vinyl alcohol) fibres and their release characteristics of four model drugs. Nanotechnology 17:2317–2329. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/17/9/041
Tam K, Cheyyatraviendran S, Venugopal J et al (2014) A nanoscaffold impregnated with human wharton’s jelly stem cells or its secretions improves healing of wounds. J Cell Biochem 115:794–803
Tao J, Shivkumar S (2007) Molecular weight dependent structural regimes during the electrospinning of PVA. Mater Lett 61:2325–2328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2006.09.004
Temenoff JS, Mikos AG (2014) Biomaterials: the intersection of biology and materials science
Thomas S (1990) Wound management and dressings. Pharmaceutical Press
Torres-Giner S, Gimeno-Alcañiz JV, Ocio MJ, Lagaron JM (2009) Comparative performance of electrospun collagen nanofibers cross-linked by means of different methods. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 1:218–223. https://doi.org/10.1021/am800063x
Tsai SW, Liou HM, Lin CJ et al (2012) MG63 osteoblast-like cells exhibit different behavior when grown on electrospun collagen matrix versus electrospun gelatin matrix. PLoS ONE 7:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031200
Uchko CJ, Chen LC, Shen Y, Martina DC (1999) Processing and microstructural characterization of porous biocompatible\rprotein polymer thin films. Polymer (Guildf) 40:7397–7407. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00866-0
Ulubayram K, Calamak S, Shahbazi R, Eroglu I (2015) Nanofibers based antibacterial drug design, delivery and applications. Curr Pharm Des 21:1930–1943
Van Vlierberghe S, Dubruel P, Schacht E (2011) Biopolymer-based hydrogels as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications: a review. Biomacromol 12:1387–1408. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm200083n
Vaquette C, Cooper-White JJ (2011) Increasing electrospun scaffold pore size with tailored collectors for improved cell penetration. Acta Biomater 7:2544–2557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2011.02.036
Vashisth P, Pruthi V (2016) Synthesis and characterization of crosslinked gellan/PVA nanofibers for tissue engineering application. Mater Sci Eng, C 67:304–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.049
Vashisth P, Srivastava AK, Nagar H et al (2016) Drug functionalized microbial polysaccharide based nanofibers as transdermal substitute. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 12:1375–1385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2016.01.019
Venugopal JR, Sridhar S, Ramakrishna S (2014) Electrospun plant-derived natural biomaterials for tissue engineering. Plant Sci Today 1:151–154. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2014.1.3.65
Veronese FM, Pasut G (2005) PEGylation, successful approach to drug delivery. Drug Discov Today 10:1451–1458. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6446(05)03575-0
Visser J, Melchels FPW, Jeon JE et al (2015) Reinforcement of hydrogels using three-dimensionally printed microfibres. Nat Commun 6:6933. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7933
Wang HB, Mullins ME, Cregg JM et al (2010a) Varying the diameter of aligned electrospun fibers alters neurite outgrowth and Schwann cell migration. Acta Biomater 6:2970–2978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2010.02.020
Wang J, Valmikinathan CM, Liu W et al (2010b) Spiral-structured, nanofibrous, 3D scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 93:753–762. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.32591
Wang KW, Zhu YJ, Chen XY et al (2010c) Flower-like hierarchically nanostructured hydroxyapatite hollow spheres: facile preparation and application in anticancer drug cellular delivery. Chem—Asian J 5:2477–2482. https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.201000463
Wang L, Khor E, Wee A, Lim LY (2002) Chitosan-alginate PEC membrane as a wound dressing: assessment of incisional wound healing. J Biomed Mater Res 63:610–618
Wang Q, Ogawa K, Toma K, Tamiaki H (2009a) Smart pH sensitive luminescent hydrogel based on Eu(III) β-diketonate complex and its enhanced photostability. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 201:87–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2008.10.005
Wang Y, Shi H, Qiao J, et al (2014) Electrospun tubular scaffold with circumferentially aligned nano fibers for regulating smooth muscle cell growth. doi:http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/am405556x
Wang Y, Wang B, Qiao W, Yin T (2010d) A novel controlled release drug delivery system for multiple drugs based on electrospun nanofibers containing nanoparticles. J Pharm Sci 99:4805–4811. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.22189
Wang Y, Wang G, Chen L et al (2009b) Electrospun nanofiber meshes with tailored architectures and patterns as potential tissue-engineering scaffolds. Biofabrication 1:15001–15009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/1/1/015001
Weis J, May R, Schröder JM (1994) Fine structural and immunohistochemical identification of perineurial cells connecting proximal and distal stumps of transected peripheral nerves at early stages of regeneration in silicone tubes. Acta Neuropathol 88:159–165
Weng L, Xie J (2015) Smart electrospun nanofibers for controlled drug release : recent advances and new perspectives. 1944–1959. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612821666150302151959
Wolf MT, Dearth CL, Sonnenberg SB et al (2015) Naturally derived and synthetic scaffolds for skeletal muscle reconstruction. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 84:208–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2014.08.011
Wozniak MA, Modzelewska K, Kwong L, Keely PJ (2004) Focal adhesion regulation of cell behavior. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA)-Mol Cell Res 1692:103–119
Wu J, Huang C, Liu W et al (2014) Cell infiltration and vascularization in porous nanoyarn scaffolds prepared by dynamic liquid electrospinning. J Biomed Nanotechnol 10:603–614
Wu L, Dou Y, Lin K et al (2011) Hierarchically structured nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite assembled hollow fibers as a promising protein delivery system. Chem Commun (Camb) 47:11674–11676. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cc14709a
Xu CY, Inai R, Kotaki M, Ramakrishna S (2004) Aligned biodegradable nanofibrous structure: a potential scaffold for blood vessel engineering. Biomaterials 25:877–886. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00593-3
Xu H, Li H, Chang J (2013) Controlled drug release from a polymer matrix by patterned electrospun nanofibers with controllable hydrophobicity. J Mater Chem B 1:4182. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3tb20404a
Xu S, Deng L, Zhang J, et al (2015) Composites of electrospun-fibers and hydrogels: a potential solution to current challenges in biological and biomedical field. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.33420
Xu X, Zhou G, Li X et al (2016) Solution blowing of chitosan/PLA/PEG hydrogel nanofibers for wound dressing. Fibers Polym 17:205–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-016-5800-9
Xue J, He M, Liu H et al (2014) Drug loaded homogeneous electrospun PCL/gelatin hybrid nanofiber structures for anti-infective tissue regeneration membranes. Biomaterials 35:9395–9405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.07.060
Yamaoka T, Tabata Y, Ikada Y (1994) Distribution and tissue uptake of poly(ethylene glycol) with different molecular weights after intravenous administration to mice. J Pharm Sci 83:601–606. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600830432
Yang C, Xu L, Zhou Y et al (2010) A green fabrication approach of gelatin/CM-chitosan hybrid hydrogel for wound healing. Carbohydr Polym 82:1297–1305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.07.013
Yang Q, Zhenyu LI, Hong Y et al (2004) Influence of solvents on the formation of ultrathin uniform poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) nanofibers with electrospinning. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 42:3721–3726. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.20222
Yang X, Liu Q, Chen X et al (2008) Investigation of PVA/ws-chitosan hydrogels prepared by combined γ-irradiation and freeze-thawing. Carbohydr Polym 73:401–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.12.008
Yang Y, Wimpenny I, Ahearne M (2011) Portable nanofiber meshes dictate cell orientation throughout three-dimensional hydrogels. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 7:131–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2010.12.011
Yao S, Wang X, Liu X et al (2013) Effects of ambient relative humidity and solvent properties on the electrospinning of pure hyaluronic acid nanofibers. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 13:4752–4758. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2013.7197
Yeo Y, Adil M, Bellas E et al (2007) Prevention of peritoneal adhesions with an in situ cross-linkable hyaluronan hydrogel delivering budesonide. J Control Release 120:178–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.04.016
Yoo HS, Kim TG, Park TG (2009) Surface-functionalized electrospun nanofibers for tissue engineering and drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 61:1033–1042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2009.07.007
Yoshimoto H, Shin YM, Terai H, Vacanti JP (2003) A biodegradable nanofiber scaffold by electrospinning and its potential for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 24:2077–2082. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00635-X
Yu DG, Li XY, Wang X et al (2015) Nanofibers fabricated using triaxial electrospinning as zero order drug delivery systems. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:18891–18897. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b06007
Yu D-G, Yang C, Jin M et al (2016) Medicated Janus fibers fabricated using a Teflon-coated side-by-side spinneret. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces 138:110–116
Yuan XY, Zhang YY, Dong C, Sheng J (2004) Morphology of ultrafine polysulfone fibers prepared by electrospinning. Polym Int 53:1704–1710. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.1538
Zeng J, Yang L, Liang Q et al (2005) Influence of the drug compatibility with polymer solution on the release kinetics of electrospun fiber formulation. J Control Release 105:43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.02.024
Zhang C, Yuan X, Wu L et al (2005) Study on morphology of electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) mats. Eur Polym J 41:423–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.10.027
Zhang D, Chang J (2007) Patterning of electrospun fibers using electroconductive templates. Adv Mater 19:3662–3667. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200700896
Zhang H, Jia X, Han F et al (2013) Dual-delivery of VEGF and PDGF by double-layered electrospun membranes for blood vessel regeneration. Biomaterials 34:2202–2212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.12.005
Zhang YZ, Venugopal J, Huang ZM et al (2006a) Crosslinking of the electrospun gelatin nanofibers. Polymer (Guildf) 47:2911–2917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2006.02.046
Zhang YZ, Wang X, Feng Y et al (2006b) Coaxial electrospinning of (fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated bovine serum albumin)-encapsulated poly (ε-caprolactone) nanofibers for sustained release. Biomacromol 7:1049–1057
Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Wu X et al (2012) A facile method for electrospinning of Ag nanoparticles/poly (vinyl alcohol)/carboxymethyl-chitosan nanofibers. Appl Surf Sci 258:8867–8873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.05.106
Zhijiang C, Yi X, Haizheng Y et al (2016) Poly (hydroxybutyrate)/cellulose acetate blend nanofiber scaffolds: preparation, characterization and cytocompatibility. Mater Sci Eng, C 58:757–767
Zhou F, Gong R, Porat I (2009) Mass production of nanofibre assemblies by electrostatic spinning. Polym Int 58:331–342
Ziaee M, Zahedi P, Abdouss M et al (2016) Electrospun poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid)/cellulose laurate blend nanofibers containing adapalene: morphology, drug release, and cell culture studies. Int J Polym Mater Polym Biomater 65:477–486
Zilla P, Bezuidenhout D, Human P (2007) Prosthetic vascular grafts: wrong models, wrong questions and no healing. Biomaterials 28:5009–5027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.07.017
Zimmerli W, Trampuz A, Ochsner PE (2004) Prosthetic-joint infections. N Engl J Med 351:1645–1654
Zomer Volpato F, Almodóvar J, Erickson K et al (2012) Preservation of FGF-2 bioactivity using heparin-based nanoparticles, and their delivery from electrospun chitosan fibers. Acta Biomater 8:1551–1559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2011.12.023
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
de Lima, G.G., Lyons, S., Devine, D.M., Nugent, M.J.D. (2018). Electrospinning of Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications. In: Thakur, V., Thakur, M. (eds) Hydrogels. Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6077-9_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6077-9_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-6076-2
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-6077-9
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)