Abstract
In the recent history of neuromodulation period over half a century, the proof-based medical subspecialty is made. Its benefits are verified by improved pain relief, functional status, and health-related quality of life and low demand for healthcare resources. Neuromodulation is based on the innovative idea that paresthesia-inducing electrical stimulation could be analgesic. Its historic basis originates from Melzack and Wall’s gate control theory of pain proposed in 1965. Neuromodulation has given us complete access to the systems of pain modulation and helped to understand the pathophysiology of pain. Neuropathic pain can be a consequence of an uncommon learning process which is associated with maladaptive plasticity of the central as well as peripheral nervous system. Various modifications of the peripheral nervous system have been defined in animal models of neuropathic pain, but their relation with human neuropathy symptoms is not fully understood. Mainly, neuropathic pain arises from injured myelinated fibers, abnormal activity in non-injured fibers, and also due to more expression of calcium channels which results in more and more release of excitatory neurotransmitters and sympathetic propagation toward the spinal ganglia. Moreover, changes in the dorsal horn alter the activity of projections toward the brain stem and enhanced spinal hyperactivity. These effects are late, signifying the maintenance of spinal sensitization. These phenomena can convince the changes in the activity of thalamo-cortical networks through which independent processes developed and maintain the pain. The change in the cortical body areas is the demonstration after nervous lesions, and these changes may relate with the emergence of pain.
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Rani, V., Kaur, K., Sharma, V.V., Deshmukh, R. (2017). Animal Models of Neuropathic Pain. In: Bansal, P., Deshmukh, R. (eds) Animal Models of Neurological Disorders. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5981-0_13
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