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Medicinal Plants and Fungi: Recent Advances in Research and Development pp 3–48Cite as

Centella asiatica, an Ayurvedic Medicinal Plant, Prevents the Major Neurodegenerative and Neurotoxic Mechanisms Associated with Cognitive Impairment

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Part of the book series: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the World ((MAPW,volume 4))

Abstract

Ayurveda is one of the ancient traditional healthcare systems that originated in India. A number of herbal-based medicinal preparations have been used for the treatment of health disorders associated with the nervous system. According to Alzheimer’s disease Facts and Figures, millions of people around the world are suffering with cognitive impairment. Cognitive ailments and diseases are a group of disorders associated with mental health. The cognitive disorders mainly comprise of acute and chronic or reversible or irreversible conditions such as amnesia, delirium, and various types of dementia. These disorders primarily cause deficits in cognitive tasks associated with awareness, insight, knowledge, memory, and problem-solving skills. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia. It is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that occurs due to excessive protein deposition inside and outside the neuron, oxidative stress, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and excitotoxicity. These neurotoxic mechanisms cause synaptic disturbance, alteration of neurotransmission leading to neurodegeneration. Centella asiatica is a well-known medicinal herb used in Ayurveda to improve cognitive functions since ancient times. In this article, we review the therapeutic potential of Centella asiatica in relation to its neuroprotective properties.

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Abbreviations

15-LOX:

15- Lipoxygenase

3-NPA:

3-Nitropropionic acid

5-HT:

Serotonin

Ach:

Acetylcholine

AChE:

Acetylcholinesterase

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

ADDLs:

Aβ-derived diffusible ligands

AICD:

APP intracellular domain

AMPARs:

2-Amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl) propionic acid receptors

APH-1:

Anterior pharynx-defective 1

APP:

Amyloid β precursor protein

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

Aβ:

Amyloid beta

BACE:

Beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme

BBB:

Blood-brain barrier

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

C83:

Carboxyl-terminal 83-aa fragment

Ca2+ :

Calcium

cAMP:

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

CNS:

Central nervous system

COX-2:

Cyclooxygenase 2

CREB:

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein

CTLs:

T-cell lymphocytes

FAD:

Familial Alzheimer’s disease

GABA:

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

GAD:

Glutamate decarboxylase enzyme

GLT:

Glutamate transporter

IFN:

Interferon

IL:

Interleukin

iPLA2 :

Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2

LTP:

Long-term potentiation

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

mGluRs:

Metabotropic glutamate receptors

MPTP:

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase

NE:

Norepinephrine

NFTs:

The neurofibrillary tangles

NMDARs:

N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors

NO:

Nitric oxide

NSAIDs:

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

O2− :

Superoxide radical

PEN-1:

Presenilin 1

PEN-2:

Presenilin 2

PKA:

Protein kinase A

PLA2 :

Phospholipase A2

PS:

Presenilin

SAD:

Sporadic Alzheimer’s disease

SPs:

Senile plaques

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factors

β-CTF:

Carboxyl-terminal 99-aa fragment

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA

    Manuj Ahuja, Mansi Patel, Mohammed Majrashi & Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran

  2. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 23881, Saudi Arabia

    Mohammed Majrashi

  3. Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA

    Vanisree Mulabagal

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  1. Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan

    Dinesh Chandra Agrawal

  2. Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan

    Hsin-Sheng Tsay

  3. Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

    Lie-Fen Shyur

  4. Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

    Yang-Chang Wu

  5. Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan

    Sheng-Yang Wang

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Ahuja, M., Patel, M., Majrashi, M., Mulabagal, V., Dhanasekaran, M. (2017). Centella asiatica, an Ayurvedic Medicinal Plant, Prevents the Major Neurodegenerative and Neurotoxic Mechanisms Associated with Cognitive Impairment. In: Agrawal, D., Tsay, HS., Shyur, LF., Wu, YC., Wang, SY. (eds) Medicinal Plants and Fungi: Recent Advances in Research and Development. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the World, vol 4. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5978-0_1

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