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Modern Silk Road Imaginaries and the Co-production of Space

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Rethinking the Silk Road

Abstract

China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BR) projects a distinctive rendering of global space(s). The plans and maps invoked by Chinese investments are suggestive of shifting geopolitical imaginaries that envision the future of Eurasia. This chapter employs a co-productive lens to approach the geo-visions inherent to these visual materials and related infrastructural projects. It probes into the socio-technical reconstruction of space in general and maritime space in South Asia in particular. While the newly emerging image of the world moves India and the Indian Ocean to the center, territory seems to be organized by “corridorization” rather than regions or nation states. As China and India aim to cooperate for investments, their differing territorial imaginaries complicate the implementation of the Silk Road initiative.

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Notes

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    We are thankful for all precious comments and feedback to this chapter by Chen Dingding, Cora Lacatus, Walter Andersen, Christian Bueger, and many others received during presentations at Tongji University, School of Advanced International Studies of Johns Hopkins University, and at the 2017 International Studies Association annual convention in Baltimore.

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    Steinberg identifies three archetypes. First, the construction of the ocean by Indian Ocean societies in the pre-Vasco De Gama period views the sea as a space external to society, a large abyss, and a “transport surface” separating actors from each other. The main aim of actors was to overcome the distance in order to maintain the circulation of goods. The second, Micronesian, construction regards ocean space to be identical to continental space. In this imaginary, the ocean connects rather than separates people and it is an inherent part of society and territory. Similar to the Indian Ocean societies, the people of Micronesia were largely reluctant to project power in the maritime sphere. The third, Mediterranean, type of construction lies between the aforementioned two extremities: it does not regard the ocean to be asocial and negligible space. Yet it does not consider the sea to be a part of (national) territory either. Actors in this type of oceanic construction asserted stewardship over maritime space to underpin their hegemonic position. Philip E. Steinberg, The Social Construction of the Ocean (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 41–67.

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  34. 34.

    These dialogues took place during a plethora of forums and conference broad together companies, international organizations, researchers and policy makers from countries along the BR.

  35. 35.

    Zhouxian Zhao, “‘Yi Dai Yi Lu’ Zhongguo meng yushijie meng de jiaohui jiaoliang,” [“Belt and Road”: The Bridge between China’s Dream and the World’s Dream], Renmin Ribao. December 24, 2014, accessed October 15, 2015, http://finance.people.com.cn/n/2014/1224/c1004-26263778.html

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    See Jing Gu, Alex Shankland, Anuradha Chenoy, eds., The BRICS in International Development (London: Palgrave, 2016); see also Jiang and Demissie in this volume.

  37. 37.

    The collection of original maps, stemming from both official and unofficial sources, on which this part of the study is based includes 25 Chinese maps and 5 non-Chinese renderings of the Silk Road Initiative. The maps where all published between 2014 and 2017.

  38. 38.

    Jia Liu, “No Blind Curves on Silk Road Routes,” China Daily, May 29, 2015, accessed November 4, 2015, http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2015-05/29/content_20851621.htm. It is obvious that this is quite different from the “closed world” vision that was produced by the US during the Cold War.

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    The BR includes the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor (CMREC); New Eurasian Land Bridge (NELB); China-Central and West Asia Economic Corridor (CCWAEC); China-Indo-China Peninsula Economic Corridor (CICPEC); China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) ; and Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Economic Corridor (BCIMEC).

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    The understanding that the Indian Ocean is India’s sphere of interest is widespread. The Indian Navy claims to be the maritime policeman in the area spanning from the Red Sea to Singapore. The Ministry of Defence and various Foreign Ministers labeled the territory stretching from the Persian Gulf to the Strait of Malacca as India’s “security environment,” “sphere of influence,” and “strategic footprint.” Additionally, the extensive domain surrounded by the Persian Gulf, Antarctica, the Cape of Good Hope, the African East Coast, the Strait of Malacca, and Indonesia has been identified as the “primary area of Indian maritime interest.” Brewster, “Indian Strategic Thinking,” 232.

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Mayer, M., Balázs, D. (2018). Modern Silk Road Imaginaries and the Co-production of Space. In: Mayer, M. (eds) Rethinking the Silk Road. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5915-5_13

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