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Desalination by Reverse Osmosis

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Sustainable Membrane Technology for Water and Wastewater Treatment

Part of the book series: Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology ((GCST))

Abstract

This chapter deals with the main techno-economic and environmental issues involved in assessing the sustainability of RO membrane technology for water desalination. The technical and economic aspects of desalination plant design and operation are reviewed, focusing on the key parameters of specific energy consumption (SEC) and product water unit cost, which are significantly affected by the main RO process part of the plant. Analysis of factors affecting these parameters helps to identify technical areas for improvements, particularly for seawater desalination. Improving the efficiency of high pressure pumps and of energy recovery devices as well as the permeability and antifouling characteristics of RO membranes appear to be high priority R&D targets, combined with efforts to improve membrane module design. Regarding environmental impact, in addition to SEC, the raw water intake facility and the effluent-brine handling practices tend to get increasing attention and are expected to dominate in the overall sustainability assessment in the coming years, despite their modest direct contribution to the product water unit cost at present. Consequently, there is also a clear priority for R&D work related to the intake facility and the brine handling and/or utilization methods. Difficulties encountered in implementing a comprehensive sustainability assessment of RO membrane desalination are outlined.

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Abbreviations

b :

Leakage ratio of ERD

C W :

Salt concentration at the membrane surface

(C Wi):

Local salt concentration at membrane surface element ΔΑ

C b :

Salt concentration in the retentate bulk

J i :

Local flux at membrane surface element ΔΑ

P f :

Feed pressure

P b :

Concentrate pressure

P o :

Permeate pressure

P Ri :

Local retentate-side pressure

P Pi :

Local permeate-side pressure

Q b :

Brine flow rate

Q f :

Feed flow rate

Q l :

Leakage flow rate in ERD

Q P :

Total permeate flow rate

Q Pi :

Local membrane permeation flow rate (=J i ΔΑ)

Q Ri :

Local retentate flow rate

q Pi :

Local flow rate in the permeate channel

R :

Desalinated water recovery

R m :

Clean membrane resistance

R c :

Membrane fouling resistance

SEC:

Specific energy consumption

SEC i :

SEC under ideal conditions, i.e., zero inefficiency of pumps and ERD

SECinef :

SEC due to nonideal pump and ERD operation

SECOS :

SEC to overcome osmotic pressure

SEC f :

SEC due to membrane filtration resistance

SEC R :

SEC due to fluid friction losses in the SWM module retentate channels

SEC P :

SEC due to fluid friction losses in the SWM module permeate channels

SECmin :

SEC to overcome the osmotic pressure of the bulk fluid

SECCP :

SEC due to concentration polarization

W total :

Total hydraulic power

Δπ(C W ):

Osmotic pressure difference across the membrane

ΔP :

Pressure difference across pressure vessel

ΔA :

Membrane surface element for local computations

ΔP Ri :

Local pressure difference at the retentate channel

ΔP Pi :

Local pressure difference at the permeate channel

η E :

Pressure transfer efficiency of ERD

η :

Overall pump efficiency

η hydr :

Hydraulic pump efficiency

η motor :

Electrical motor efficiency

η VFD :

Variable frequency drive efficiency

μ :

Water viscosity

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology-Hellas, 57001, Thermi-Thessaloniki, Greece

    A. J. Karabelas, C. P. Koutsou, D. C. Sioutopoulos, K. V. Plakas & M. Kostoglou

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  1. A. J. Karabelas
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  2. C. P. Koutsou
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  3. D. C. Sioutopoulos
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Correspondence to A. J. Karabelas .

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  1. Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy, ITM-CNR, Rende, Cosenza, Italy

    Alberto Figoli

  2. Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy, ITM-CNR, Rende, Cosenza, Italy

    Alessandra Criscuoli

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Karabelas, A.J., Koutsou, C.P., Sioutopoulos, D.C., Plakas, K.V., Kostoglou, M. (2017). Desalination by Reverse Osmosis. In: Figoli, A., Criscuoli, A. (eds) Sustainable Membrane Technology for Water and Wastewater Treatment. Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5623-9_6

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