Abstract
Fusion neutrons can cause material damage, thus posing a serious threat to the structural integrity of fusion reactor components and reactor safety. In addition, fusion neutrons can induce the production of radioactive materials, including tritium and neutron activation products, which can migrate from the reactor to the environment, resulting in radiation risk to the public and the environment. With a view to ensure the protection of people and the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation, fundamental safety principles need to be followed and the requirements need to be met to control the radiation risk arising from fusion systems. For personnels and the public, it is necessary to estimate the external exposure from fusion neutrons and photons and to evaluate both internal and external exposures to radionuclides. Attention should also be paid to the biological effects caused by radiation. In this chapter, principles and requirements of radiological protection, radioactive source and nuclide migration, radiation dosimetry calculations, and biological effects of radiation are introduced.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Taylor N, Elbez-Uzan J (2011) ITER_D_ 3ZR2NC ITER preliminary safety report (Private Communication)
Nie BJ, Ni MY, Jiang JQ et al (2015) Dynamic evaluation of environmental impact due to tritium accidental release from the fusion reactor. J Environ Radioact 148:137–140
Bailly BP, Laguionie P, Boust D et al (2012) Estimation of marine source-term following Fukushima Dai-ichi accident. J Environ Radioact 114(12):2–9
Rashob W (1990) Report KfK-4605 UFOTRI: program for assessing the off-site consequences from accidental tritium release
International Commission on Radiological Protection (2007) ICRP publication 103: the 2007 recommendation of the International Commission on Radiological Protection
Dan GC (2011) Handbook of nuclear engineering. In: Shultis J, Faw R (eds) Radiation shielding and radiological protection, p 1313–1448
International Commission on Radiological Protection (2010) ICRP publication 116: conversion coefficients for radiological protection quantities for external radiation exposures
Chen Y, Fischer U (2002) Rigorous MCNP based shutdown dose rate calculations: computational scheme, verification calculations and application to ITER. Fusion Eng Des 63:107–114
Villari R, Fischer U, Moro F et al (2014) Shutdown dose rate assessment with the advanced D1S method: development, applications and validation. Fusion Eng Des 89(9):2083–2087
International Commission on Radiological Protection (2009) ICRP publication 110: adult reference computational phantoms
Wang W, Cheng MY, Long PC et al (2015) Specific absorbed fractions of electrons and photons for Rad-Human phantom using Monte Carlo method. Chinese Physics C 39(07):078203
Balonov MI, Muksinow KN, Mushkacheva GS (1993) Tritium radiobiological effects in mammals: review of experiments of the last decade in Russia. Health Phys 65(6):713–726
Myers DK, Gentner NE (1987) Some factors affecting the sensitivity of cultured human cells to high-LET radiation. Radiat Environ Biophys 26(4):263–273
UNSCEAR (2016) UNSCEAR 2016 report: sources, effects and risks of ionizing radiation. In: Biological effects of selected internal emitters-Tritium
UNSCEAR (2000) UNSCEAR 2000 report: sources and effects of ionizing radiation
Pietrzak FZ, Radwan J, Judeka L (1978) Tritium in rabbits after ingestion of freeze-dried tritiated food and tritiated water. Radiat Res 76:420–428
Hoeijmakers JH (2001) Genome maintenance mechanisms for preventing cancer. Nature 411:366–373
Peak MJ, Wang L, Hill CK et al (1991) Comparison of repair of DNA double-strand breaks caused by neutron or gamma radiation in cultured human cells. Int J Radiat Biol 60(6):891–898
Morgan WF (2003) Non-targeted and delayed effects of exposure to ionizing radiation: ii radiation-induced genomic instability and bystander effects in vivo. Radiat Res 159(5):581–596
Rossouw MS, Meehan KA (2005) Micronucleus formation in lymphocytes after exposure to low-dose gamma and neutron radiation. Med Technol SA 19(2):11–15
Luckey TD (1999) Nurture with ionizing radiation: a provocative hypothesis. Nutr Cancer 34(1):1–11
Hashimoto SL, Shirato H, Hosokawa M et al (1999) The suppression of metastases and the change in host immune response after low-dose total-body irradiation in tumor-bearing rats. Radiat Res 151(6):717–724
Prasad KN, Cole WC, Hasse GM (2004) Health risks of low dose ionizing radiation in humans: a review. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 229(5):378–382
Joiner MC, Lambin P, Malaise EP et al (1996) Hypersensitivity to very-low single radiation doses: its relationship to the adaptive response and induced radioresistance. Mutat Res 358(2):171–183
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wu, Y. (2017). Radiation Dosimetry and Biological Safety. In: Fusion Neutronics. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5469-3_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5469-3_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-5468-6
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-5469-3
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)