Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Communist Nation Building and Territorialized Ethnicization

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Identity, Policy, and Prosperity

Part of the book series: China in Transformation ((CIT))

  • 301 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter explores the Joseonjok’s survival as a distinctive community thanks to their loyal submission to the CCP from the years following the PRC’s establishment until the Cultural Revolution. The CCP’s inclusive policy toward minorities, which included the bestowal of Chinese citizenship and the provision of basic needs for minority-concentrated communities, enabled various minority groups to survive and flourish. As a diaspora group, the Joseonjok also underwent the ethnicization of their national identity. Although policy heavily influenced the first stage of the formation of ethnicized national identity and community, this chapter sheds light on the reciprocal and interactive nature (a combination of the CCP’s flexible minority policy and the “active” submission of the Joseonjok) of the ethnicization process. Not all well-intentioned policies result in desirable outcomes. The outcome often depends on the agencies that implement them and who the final beneficiaries are. The construction of Joseonjok identity was the work of the community in collaboration with the Chinese state.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Anderson, Benedict. 2001. Western nationalism and eastern nationalism: Is there a difference that matters? New Left Review 21 (9): 31–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, John A. 1976. Mobilized and proletarian diasporas.American Political Science Review 70 (2): 393–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bao, Meirong. 1999. Minzu youhui zhengce yu minzu diqu de fazhang [Preferential policy toward ethnic minority and the development of ethnic minority regions]. Qianyan 3: 40–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barabantseva, Elena V. 2009. Development as localization: Ethnic minorities in China’s official discourse on the Western Development Project. Critical Asian Studies 41 (2): 225–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bilik, Naran. 1998. Language education, intellectuals and symbolic representation: Being an urban Mongolian in a new configuration of social evolution. In Nationalism and ethnoregional identities in China, ed. William Safran. London: Frank Cass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birch, Anthony H. 1989. Nationalism and National Integration. London: Unwin Hyman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan, Kam Wing, and Li Zhang. 1999. The Hukou system and rural-urban migration: Processes and changes. The China Quarterly 160: 818–855.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, Jang San (ed.). 2006. Haerangang daehaksalsageon [The Haeran river massacre]. Yanbian: Yeonbyond Inminchulpansa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choi, Guk Cheol. 2012. Ju Deok Hae pyeongjeon [A critical biography of Ju Deok Hae]. Yanbian: Yeonbyeon Inminchulpansa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choi, Mun Shik, and Dong-Hun Kim (eds.). 1996. Yun Dong Ju ginyeomjip [Yun, Dong Ju Memorial Collection]. Yanji: Yanbian University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Robin. 1997. Global diaspora: An introduction. London: UCL Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Doenecke, Justus D. 1981. The diplomacy of frustration: The Manchurian Crisis of 1931–1933 as revealed in the papers of Stanley K. Hornbeck. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gellner, Ernest. 1983. Nations and nationalism. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gladney, Dru C. 1991. Muslim Chinese: Ethnic nationalism in the People’s Republic of China. Cambridge, MA: Havard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo, Sujian. 2013. Chinese politics and government: Power, ideology, and organization. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Han, Enze. 2013. Contestation and adaptation: The politics of national identity in China. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Han, Jun Kwang. 1990. Jungguk Joseonjok inmulsa [Biographies of Joseonjok in China]. Yanji, China: Yeonbyeon Inminchulpansa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hao, Zhidong, and Zhengyang Guo. 2016. Professors as intellectuals in China: Political identities and roles in a provincial university. The China Quarterly 228: 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrell, Stevan (ed.). 1995. Cultural encounters on China’s ethnic frontiers. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • He, Baogang. 2005. Minority rights with Chinese characteristics. In Multiculturalism in Asia, ed. Will Kymlicka and Baogang He. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson, John. 2000. Ethnicity and modern nations. Ethnic and Racial Studies 23 (4): 651–669.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hyeon, Lyong Sun. 1994. Yeonbyeon daehakgyo [Yanbian University] Changeop. Yanji, China: Minjokchulpansa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Information Office of the State Council of the PRC. 2000. White paper on National Minorities Policy and its practice in China September 1999. China Report 36 (1). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeon, Shin Cheol. 1999. Joseonjok sahoeui byeonhuawa jeonmang [The changes and prospect of Joseonjok society]. Liaoning: Yonyeong Minjokchulpansa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeong, Pan Ryong. 1997. Gohyangtteona osipnyeon [Fifty years, after leaving hometown]. Heilyongjiang: Heukryonggang Minjokchulpansa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang, Chang Rok, et al. 1992. Ju Deok Hae. Seoul: Silcheonmunhaksa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koh, B.C. 1965/1966, 2014. North Korea and its quest for autonomy. Pacific Affairs 38 (3–4) reprinted in 87 (4): 765–778.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolstø, PÅL. 2008. Nationalism, ethnic conflict, and job competition: Non-Russian collective action in the USSR under perestroika. Nations and Nationalism 14 (1): 151–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Hoon Koo. 1931. Korean immigrants in Manchuria. Pyeongyang: College of Pyeongyang Sungsil, previously Union Christian College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Jong Suk. 2000. Bukhan-jungkuk guangyue: 1945–2000 [North Korea-China relations: 1945–2000]. Seoul: Jungshim.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Ok Hee. 2011. Buk-jung jeopgyeongjiyeok: Jeonhwangi bukjung jeopgyeongjiyeokui dosi-network [The Sino-North Korean border: City network of Sino-North Korean border areas in the era of transition]. Seoul: Pureungil.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Dong, and Mingxiang Xu. 2014. Pianli yu tiaoshi: Woguo shaoshu minzu youhui zhengce yanjiu [Deviance and adjustment: A study on the China’s preferential policy for ethnic minorities] Intelligence 26: 309–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ling, L.H.M. 2000. Globalization and the spectre of Fu Manchu: White man’s burden as dark irony. In Value pluralism, normative theory and international relations, ed. Maria Lensu and Jan-Stefan Fritz. London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsusaka, Yoshihisa Tak. 2001. The making of Japanese Manchuria, 1904–1932. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, David. 1995. On Nationality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris-Suzuki, Tessa. 2005. The past within us: Media, memory, history. London: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nam, Il Sung. 1995. Joseoneoui baetajeok sayonggua geu hyeonsil [Exclusive usage of Joseon language and the reality]. In A Study on Joseonjok national education: Reality and prospects, ed. Cui Xianlu JI, Kim Cheng San, and Kim Ryong Cheol. Yanbian: Northeast China Research Institute of Korean National Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parekh, Bhikhu. 2003. Cosmopolitanism and global citizenship. Review of International Studies 29: 3–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, Hyun Ok. 2000. Korean Manchuria: The racial politics of territorial osmosis. The South Atlantic Quarterly 99 (1): 193–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, Hyun Ok. 2005. Two dreams in one bed: Empire, social life, and the origins of the North Korean revolution in Manchuria. Durham: Duke University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Park, Cheol Hee. 2009. The pattern of cooperation and conflict between Korea and Japan: Theoretical expectations and empirical realities. Japanese Journal of Political Science 10 (3): 247–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, Hyun Ok. 2015. The capitalist unconscious: Form Korean unification to transnational Korea. New York: Colombia University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Park, Jeongwon Bourdais. 2017. Ethnic relations in Northeast China: ethnic revival or de-ethnicization in the Korean diaspora?. European Journal of East Asian Studies 16: 36–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, Young Seok. 1985. Manbosan sageon yeongu [Study of Manbosan incident]. Seoul: Aseamunhuasa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, Jin Hwan. 1998. Byeosaengsan, gukyeongnongjang-gua geukdong Russia-ui hanin [Rice production, state farm, and Korean-Russians in Russian Far East], Research Report, Rural Development Institute Agricultural Cooperative College 109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne, Richard J. 2013. Global issues: Politics, economics and culture. Boston: Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Réaume, Denise G. 2000. Official language rights: Intrinsic value and the protection of difference. In Citizenship in diverse societies, ed. Will Kymlicka and Wayne Norman. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rigger, Shelly. 1995. Voices of Manchu identity, 1635–1935. In Cultural encounters on China’s ethnic frontiers, ed. Stevan Harrell. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryu, Yeon San. 2008. Samin samsaekui unmyeong [Three stories of Joseonjok]. Yanbian: Yeonbyeon Minjokchulpansa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sautman, Barry. 1998. Preferential policies for ethnic minorities in China: The case of Xinjiang. Nationalism and Ethnic Poltiics 4 (1–2): 86–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scalapino, Robert A., and Chong-Sik Lee. 1972. Communism in Korea, Part I: The movement. Berkeley, London: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shen, Zhihua, and Jie Dong. 2011. Post-war reconstruction of the DPRK and economic aid from China (1954–1960). Studies on the Chinese Communist Party 3: 48–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shin, I. 1988. Yeonbyeon Joseonjok jachijuui hyeongseong [The formation of Yanbian Josseonjok autonomous prefecture]. In Yanbian Joseonjok jachiju yeongu, ed. Hong Seung Jik. Seoul: Korea University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Son, Choon Il. 2001. Haebangjeon dongbuk Joseonjok tojiguangyuesa yeongu [History of land relationship in northeast China], Vols. I, II. Jilin: Jilin Inminchulpansa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tian, Xiaolu. 1999. Eight preferential policies for carrying out the 9-year compulsory education program in ethnic minority autonomous prefectures [Zizhizhou ‘pujiu’ gongcheng xiangmu shixing bada youhui zhengce]. Hunan Education Review 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Xiaozhou, R.S. Oropesa, and Glenn Firebaugh. 2013. Permanent migrants to cities in China: Hukou origin and earnings among men in an era of economic transformation. Migration and Development 2 (1): 37–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, Sandra. 2002. The Manchurian crisis and Japanese society, 1931–1933. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, Xiaohui. 2014. From assimilation to autonomy: Realizing ethnic minority rights in China’s national autonomous regions. Chinese Journal of International Law 13 (1): 55–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yahuda, Michael. 2000. The changing faces of Chinese nationalism: The dimensions of statehood. In Asian Nationalism, ed. Michael Liefer. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeom, In Ho. 2013. Struggle for liquidating the debts of the 1946 fall Haerangang massacre in Yanji China and its main characteristics [1946-nyeon gaeul yeongilsi Haerangang hyeolchae cheongsantujaengui sihaenggua teukjing]. Hangukhak Yeongu 44: 169–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, Iris Marion. 1998. Polity and Group Difference. In The citizenship debates, ed. Gershon Shafir. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, M. 2000. Language policy and illiteracy in ethnic minority communities in China. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 21 (2): 129–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Political Science, Lingnan University, 8 Castle Peak Road, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong

    Jeongwon B. Park (Prof.)

Authors
  1. Jeongwon B. Park
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jeongwon B. Park .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Park, J.B. (2018). Communist Nation Building and Territorialized Ethnicization. In: Identity, Policy, and Prosperity. China in Transformation. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4849-4_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation